Linear Algebra

4.1
Vector Addition:
(9,10)

(3,7)

(6,3)

4.2
Scalar Multiplication:

(6,8)

(3,4)

(1.5,2)

4.3
Vector Space:
A vector space over a field F (in this entire course it is ℝ)
is a non empty set V together with two operations vector addition
‘+’ (just for name it is no need to usual addition) and scalar
multiplication that satisfy the ten axioms listed below.
I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  V, then u  v; V
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈V;
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
4.4
II. Scalar multiplication;

6. Closure property: u  V &   F, then  u V

;

7. Distributive 
property
(u  v) of
 u   v  u, v  V &   F
scalar multiplication
over vector addition :
(   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   F

( )u of(  u)  u

8. Distributive property  u V &,  F
vector addition over
scalar multiplication:

9. Associative property:
4.5
Examples:

space over ℝ with usual addition and multiplication.

The Zero Vector Space: The set V = {0} will form a vector

Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;

1. Closure property: The only possible element is 0, 0 + 0 ∈ V
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈V;
0+(0+0)=(0+0)+0
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V; 0 + 0= 0 + 0 = 0
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ ℝ, there exists an

said to an additive inverse of u; There is no u ≠ 0.

element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is

5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.

0 + 0= 0 + 0
4.6
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   F, then  u; V
For any   R, then  0 0 V
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)  u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (0  0)  0   0    R
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   )0 0  0   0   ,   R
9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  V &  ,   R
( ) 0  (  0)  0 0   ,   R
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 1 0 0

4.7
Examples:
The set V = ℝ will form a vector space over ℝ with usual
addition and multiplication.
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  R, then u  v  R

ℝ;
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈

3. Identity property: 0∈
there exists anℝ
element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
≠0.0 Then
∈ ℝ,-u- isu
said to an additive inverse of u; ∈ ℝ.
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) For any
= (-u) +u=

5. Commutative property: u + v = u
v+u
v= + uu, v ∈ V.
forv all

4.8
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then  u
;V
For any  , u  R, then  u  R
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)  u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (u  v)  u   v
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   ) u  u   u
9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  V &  ,   R
(  ) u  (  u)   u
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 1 u u

4.9
Examples: The set V R n will form a vector space over ℝ .

of ℝ. u (u1 , u 2 ,  , u n )
The element u  R n will be of the form n-tuple of elements
u (1, 0, 4,  ,3)
u  v (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )  u ( u1 ,  u2 ,  ,  un )
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property:
u & v  R n , then u (u1 , u2 , , un ), v (v1 , v2 , , vn )
u  v (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )  R n
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w R n
u, ∈
v, w ; R n , u (u1 , u 2 ,  , u n ), v (v1 , v2 ,  , vn ) & w (w 1 , w2 ,  , wn )
(u  v)  w (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )  (w1 , w2 ,  , wn )
(u1  v1 )  w 1 , (u2  v2 )  w2 ,  , (un  vn )  wn 
u1  v1  w 1 , u 2  v2  w2 ,  , u n  vn  wn 
u1  (v1  w 1 ), u2  (v2  w2 ),  , un  (vn  wn ) 
u  ( v  w)
4.10
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
n
Here (0, 0,  , 0)  Ris the additive identity.
u  0 (u1  0, u2  0,  , un  0) (u1 , u2 ,  , un ) u
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
u (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  R n , - u (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un )  R n
u  -u (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un )
(u1 - u1 , u2 - u2 ,  , un - un ) (0, 0,  , 0)
- u  u (-u1 , - u 2 ,  , - u n )  (u1 , u 2 ,  , un ) (0, 0,  , 0)
- u (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un )  R n

4.11
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
u & v  R n , then u (u1 , u2 , , un ), v (v1 , v2 , , vn )
u  v (u1 , u2 ,  , un )  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn )
(u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn )
(v1  u1 , v2  u2 ,  , vn  un )
v  u
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then  u
;V
u  R n &   R, then  u ( u1 ,  u2 ,  ,  un )  R n
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over
vector addition : (u  v)  u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (u  v)  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 , , un  vn )
 (u1  v1 ),  (u2  v2 ), ,  (un  vn ) 
 u1   v1 ,  u2   v2 ,  ,  un   vn 
 u   v
4.12
8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un ) ((   )u1 , (   )u2 ,  , (   )un )
(( u1   u1 ), ( u 2   u2 ),  , ( un   un ))
 u   u
9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  V &  ,   R
(  ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un ) ((  )u1 , (  )u2 ,  , (  )un )
((  u1 ), (  u 2 ),  , (  un ))   u
 ((  u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ))
 ((  u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ))  (  u)
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V.
1 u 1(u1 , u2 ,  , un ) u

4.13
Examples: The Vector Space of Infinite Sequences of Real Numbers
The element u  R  R  will be of the form
u (u1 , u 2 ,  , u n , ) u (1, 0, 4,  ,3, )
u  v (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn , )  u ( u1 ,  u2 ,  ,  un , )
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property:
u & v  R  , then u (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ), v (v1 , v2 ,  , vn , )
u  v (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn , )  R 
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w R 
∈u, v,; w  R , u (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ), v (v1 , v2 ,  , vn , )
& w (w 1 , w2 ,  , wn , )
(u  v)  w (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn , )  (w 1 , w2 ,  , wn , )
(u1  v1 )  w 1 , (u2  v2 )  w2 ,  , (un  vn )  wn , 
u1  v1  w 1 , u2  v2  w2 , , un  vn  wn , 
u1  (v1  w 1 ), u2  (v2  w2 ),  , un  (vn  wn ), 
u  ( v  w)
4.14
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;

Here (0, 0,  , 0, ) isRthe additive identity.
u  0 (u1  0, u2  0,  , un  0, ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ) u
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;
u (u1 , u2 ,  , un , )  R  ,- u (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un , )  R 
u  -u (u1 , u2 ,  , un , )  (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un , )
(u1 - u1 , u2 - u2 ,  , un - u n , ) (0, 0,  , 0, )
- u  u (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un , )  (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ) (0, 0,  , 0, )
- u (-u1 , - u2 ,  , - un , )  R 

4.15
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V.
u & v  R  , then u (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ), v (v1 , v2 ,  , vn , )
u  v (u1 , u2 ,  , un , )  (v1 , v2 ,  , vn , )
(u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn , )
(v1  u1 , v2  u2 ,  , vn  un , )
v  u
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then  u
;V
u  R  &   R, then  u ( u1 ,  u2 ,  ,  un , )  R 
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over
vector addition : (u  v)  u   v  u, v  V &   R
 (u  v)  (u1  v1 , u2  v2 ,  , un  vn ,)
 (u1  v1 ),  (u2  v2 ), ,  (un  vn ),
 u1   v1 ,  u2   v2 ,  ,  un   vn , 
 u   v
4.16
 8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar
multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   R
(   ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ) ((   )u1 , (   )u2 ,  , (   )un , )
(( u1   u1 ), ( u2   u 2 ),  , ( un   un ),)
 u   u
9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  V &  ,   R
(  ) (u1 , u2 ,  , un , ) ((  )u1 , (  )u2 ,  , (  )un , )
((  u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ),)   u
 ((  u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ),)
 ((  u1 ), (  u2 ),  , (  un ), )  (  u)
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V.
1 u 1(u1 , u2 ,  , un , ) u

4.17
Examples: The Vector Space of m × n Matrices

ℝ under usual matrix multiplication and scalar

The set of all m × n matrices M mn will form a vector over

multiplication.  u11 u12  u1n   v11 v12  v1n 

 u 21 u 22  u 2n   v 21 v 22  v 2n 
U  V   
        
   
u  u mn   v m1 v m2  v mn 
 
 m1 u m2
 u11  v11 u12  v12  u1n  v1n 
 
 u 21  v 21 u 22  v 22  u 2n  v 2n 
 
   
 
u v u m2  v m2  u mn  v mn 
 m1 m1

 u11 u12  u1m    u11  u12   u1n 

   
 u 21 u 22  u 2m    u 21  u 22   u 2n 
 u    
        
   
u u nm    u m1  u m2   u mn 
 
 n1 u n2 
4.18
I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property: u & v  M mn , then u  v M
; mn
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈M mn
3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈M ; mn  0 0  0
 
 0 0  0
0 
   
 

4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ M mn

 0 0  0
 
, there exists
an element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
said to an additive inverse of u;  - u11 - u12  - u1n 
 - u 21 - u 22  - u 2n 
- u 
    
 
-u - u  - u 
 m1 m2 mn 
5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ M mn
.
4.19
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  M mn &   R, then ; u M mn

7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector

addition :  (u  v)  u   v  u, v  M mn &   R

8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar

multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  M mn &  ,   R

9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  M mn &  ,   R

10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ M

. mn

4.20
 Let V be a set of all real valued functions from any set A with
Examples: The Vector Space of Real-Valued Functions

a vector addition and scalar multiplication defined

as follows will form a vector space over ℝ.
f  g is a function defined by (f  g)(x) f(x)  g(x) x  A
 f is a function defined by ( f )(x)  f(x)  x  A
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;
1. Closure property:
f  g is a function defined by (f  g)(x) f(x)  g(x) x  A

ℝ;
2. Associative property: u+(v+w) = (u+v)+w for all u,v,w ∈

3. Identity property: there exists an 0 0x∈V

element
0(x) A such
that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V;
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is
for to
said a function f the
an additive of u;inverse is (-f)(x) -f(x)  x  A
additive
inverse
4.21
 5. Commutative property: u + v = v + u for all u, v ∈ V
II. Scalar multiplication;
6. Closure property: u  V &   R, then  u
;V
 f is a function defined by ( f )(x)  f(x)  x  A
7. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over vector
addition :  (u  v)  u   v  u, v  V &   R

8. Distributive property of vector addition over scalar

multiplication: (   )u  u   u  u  V &  ,   R

9. Associative property:
( )u  (  u)  u  u  V &  ,   R
10. 1.u = u for all u ∈ V. 1 u u

4.22
Home Work: The Vector Space of polynomials

with a vector addition and scalar multiplication

Set of all polynomials of degree less than are equal to n, Pn

defined as follows will form a vector space over ℝ.

For the polynomials
p(x) p 0  p1x  p 2 x 2    p n x n &
q(x) q 0  q1x  q 2 x 2    q n x n ,
p  q is a polynomial defined by
p(x)  g(x) (p 0  q 0 )  (p1  q1 )x    (p n  q n )x n
2 n
For the polynomial p(x) p 0  p1x  p 2 x    p n x
& scalar   R,  p(x)  p 0   p1x   p 2 x     p n x
2 n

4.23
Examples: An Unusual Vector Space
Let V be the set of positive real numbers, and define the
operations on V to be
u  v uv  u, v  R   u u   u  R  &   R
Proof: I. Abelian group under addition;

3. Identity property: there exists an element 0 ∈ V such

that u + 0 = 0 + u = u for all u ∈ V; Here 0 element is 1.
4. Inverse property: For every u (≠ 0) ∈ V, there exists an
element -u ∈ V such that u + (-u) = (-u) + u = 0. Then -u is

Here for every u ≠1∈ ℝ, the inverse element is 1/u.

said to an additive inverse of u;

6. Distributive property of scalar multiplication over

vector addition :
 (u  v)  (u  v) (u v) u  v  u   v
4.24
Examples for not a vector space:

 Let . For and

define vector addition as
and scalar multiplication as .

 Let . For and

define vector addition as
and scalar multiplication as .

 Consider M mn . For A & B ∈M mn and define

vector addition as A + B = A B (matrix multiplication ) and
usual scalar multiplication in matrices.

 Consider Pn . For p(x) & q(x ) ∈ Pn and define vector

addition as p(x) + q(x) = p(x) + q(x) – p(0) –q(0) (matrix
multiplication ) and usual scalar multiplication in matrices.
4.25
Vector Addition:

4.26
Scalar Multiplication:

(6,8)

(3,4)

(1.5,2)

4.27
Proof:
0 u = (0 + 0) u = 0 u + 0 u 0u=0u+0u
Add -0 u on both sides, 0 =0u

k0=k(0+0)=k0+k0 k0=k0+k0
Add -k 0 on both sides, k0 =0

(-1+1) u = 0 u -1 u + 1 u = 0 -1 u + u = 0
Add -u on both sides, -1 u = -u
4.28
ku=0 k u = ( k u + - k u) k u = k(u + -u)

If k=0 then proof over. Suppose k ≠ 0,

Multiply by 1/k on both sides, u = (u + -u)

4.29
Thank
You
4.30