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Lecture 1

lecture for fluid dynamics

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24 views27 pages

Lecture 1

lecture for fluid dynamics

Uploaded by

Abdullah Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction

AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics

Objectives of the Course


S No CLO Statement
1 Understand and derive governing equations of fluid flow and identify tools for basic
understanding for incompressible and irrotational Flows
2 Analyze inviscid flow using elementary flows and its superposition.
3 Analyze the aerodynamics of 2-D Aerofoil and wing using potential flow theory.
AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics

Textbooks

• 1. “Fundamentals of Aerodynamics” by John D.


Anderson, McGraw Hill, NY, 6th Edition, 2017
• 2. “Fluid Mechanics” by Frank M White, McGraw Hill,
NY, 8th Edition, 2016
• 3. “Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics” by Munson,
Young, Okiishi & Huebsch, John Wiley & Sons, 6th Edition
AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics

Aerodynamics as a Subject
• Study of the behavior of air as it interacts with objects in motion.
• Sub-branch of Fluid Mechanics
– Study of all fluids under static and dynamic situations

Part 1: Fundamentals of Part 2: Incompressible


Fluid Mechanics Incompressible Aerodynamics and Airfoil
• Introduction to Fluid Aerodynamics Theory
Mechanics and
Incompressible Flows. • Incompressible
• Analysis of fluid flows, Aerodynamics, Airfoils, and
mass flow rates, forces, lift and drag.
Airfoil / flow
and energy flux. Fluid Mechanics • Airfoil / lifting line theories.
• Study of elementary flows Theories • Exploration of lift and drag
and their superposition. characteristics for practical
applications.
• Applications in Automobile and Locomotives
• Applications in Medical Science

Blood flow through arteries Airflow through lungs

Application in design of Blood pump


• Applications in Household
Thermosiphon effect in Solar Geyser

Flue Baffle use in Geysers

Atomizer Tap design Use of CFD for HVAC design


• Applications in Civil Engineering

Transport of sediments in Dams

Movement of Sediments
Prediction of wind loads on buildings
AERO-213 : Incompressible Aerodynamics

Fundamental Concepts

Lecture : 1

References
T1/1.10.1, 2 & T3/1.2,6,7

Sqn Ldr Tauha Irfan Khan


What is a Fluid Mechanics?
Today’s Lecture

 What is a Fluid?

 Types of Flows

 Continuum versus Free Molecular Flow

 Inviscid versus Viscous Flow

 Incompressible versus Compressible Flow


What is a Fluid?
 A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress regardless of the
magnitude of the applied stress. Whereas a solid can resist an applied force by static
deformation.

 A fluid at rest must be in a state of zero shear stress.

 Liquids form a free surface (that is, a surface not created by their container) whereas gases
and plasmas do not, but, instead, they expand and occupy the entire volume of the container
Fluid as a Continuum
 Fluid as a Continuum: Views fluids as continuous substances without empty spaces or gaps
between particles.
 No Empty Spaces: According to this hypothesis, there are no gaps or voids between
individual fluid particles.
 Mean Free Path: The average distance between particle collisions in a fluid.
 Knudsen Number: Compares the mean free path to the flow length scale .

If λ is small compared to representative physical length:


Continuum
If λ is comparable to representative physical length: Not
Continuum
Fluid Flow under Shear Stress
 Fluid sticks to the solid boundary “No Slip Condition”

 Fluid between two plates moves with velocity

 Velocity gradient is developed in fluid between the plates


Fluid Flow under Shear Stress

 function of not only force ‘P’ but also of time

 Thus we consider the rate at which is changing and


define the rate of shearing strain
Fluid Flow under Shear Stress

 For common fluids such as water, oil, gasoline and air

 𝜇 is the constant of proportionality and


is called ‘absolute viscosity’, ‘ dynamic viscosity’
or simply ‘viscosity’ of the fluid

 S.I. unit :
Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Viscosity
• Fluid property only manifested during flow

• A measure of its resistance to deformation


at a given rate

• Viscosity quantifies the internal frictional


force between adjacent layers of fluid that
are in relative motion
Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Fluids:
• Viscous stresses (Shear Stress) is
linearly correlated to the local strain
rate
Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Shear stress and strain rate are not
linear

Apparent viscosity
Newtonian vs Non-Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian Fluids
• Shear thinning fluids : apparent
viscosity decreases with increasing
shear rate i.e. the harder the fluid is
sheared, the less viscous it becomes
(paint, ketchup etc)
• Shear thickening fluids : apparent
viscosity increases with increasing
shear rate i.e. the harder the fluid is
sheared, the more viscous it becomes
(mixture of cornstarch in water)
Inviscid versus Viscous Flow
• In fluid dynamics, inviscid flow is the flow of an inviscid (zero-viscosity) fluid,
also known as a superfluid / ideal fluid
• In viscous flow, transport phenomena such as mass diffusion, viscosity
(friction) and thermal conduction exist
• Confined to very thin region, adjacent to body surface ‘Boundary Layer’
• Inviscid theory adequately predicts pressure distribution and lift of a body
• Accurate drag prediction requires viscous effect
• Separated flows are also dominated by viscous effects
NO-SLIP CONDITION
• The speed of the fluid layer in direct contact with the
boundary is identical to the velocity of this boundary

REMEMBER FOR LIFE!!


Incompressible versus Compressible Flow
• A compressible fluid can experience a density change during flow
while an incompressible fluid does not experience such a change
• Bulk Modulus (E): ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to
the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
Incompressible versus Compressible Flow
• A compressible fluid can experience a density change during flow
while an incompressible fluid does not experience such a change
• Mach Number is the measure of the importance of density
changes for compressible flows
QUESTIONS??

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