CSC 218:

Computer Programming III (Scientific)

(3 Credits)

Amos O. Bajeh, PhD

Room 29, Ground Floor
CIS Building
 Introduction to C/C++
Programming Language
 C/C++ Programming Language
 History of C and C++ -assignment

 Fundamentals of C/C++

 Control structures

 Arrays and Pointers

 Functions

 Function libraries
 Fundamentals of C/C++
 Structure of C/C++ program:
Generally, a C/C++ program contain one or more functions of
which one must be a main function from which execution
begins.

Example:
1.
#include <iostream>
int main(){
Preprocessor directives cout<<“Hello world”;
}

Main function definition

 Example:
2. #include <iostream>

Preprocessor directives void greet(){

cout<<“Hello world”;

User-defined function(s) }
int main(){

Main function definition }

greet();
3.
Preprocessor directives
User-defined function declaration(s)
Main function definition

Example:
#include <iostream>
void greet();
int main(){
greet();
}
void greet(){
cout<<“Hello world”;
}
Steps for Writing a C/C++ Program
1.Enter code in text editor
2.Compile the code using the C/C++
compiler Enter code into
Text Editor
3.If the code is error-free, execute the
program
4.Execute the program Compile the
Code

Is error-
Debug the Code
free

Execute Code
 Fundamentals of C/C++
character set:
alphabets: a,b,c ….z, A,B,C…Z
digits: 0…9
special characters: +,-, /, ;, #, !, <, >, =, (, ), ^, ?, &, ,, *, ’, ”, {, }, %, :,|
Escape sequence: contains two characters but treated as a single character and are used to denote special action:

Escape sequence meaning

\n New line
\t tab
\a alert
\\ backslash
\’ Single quotes
\” Double quotes
 Fundamentals of C
C Programming Language
reserved words: are words which have predefined meaning and can only be used for the purpose they are defined.
auto, break, case, char, const, continue, default, do, double, enum, else, extern, float, for, goto, if, int, long, register, return, short, signed, sizeof, static, struct, switch,
typedef, union, unsigned, void, volatile, while

Comments: are descriptive text embedded within programs to add explanatory notes into codes. They are not executed. Comments can be enclosed in the symbols /* and */. In C+
+, they can also begins with the symbol //.
 Fundamentals of C
Operators:
Arithmetic operators, Assignment operators, Logical operators,
Relational operators, Unary operators and Ternary/conditional
operator, shift operators, bitwise operators, comma operator
 Arithmetic operators

Operator Description
+ Additive operator (also used for joining strings)
- Subtraction operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
% Remainder operator
 Assignment operators

Operator Description

= x=y
+= x+=y implies x=x+y
-= x-=y implies x=x-y
*= x*=y implies x=x*y
/= x/=y implies x=x/y
%= x%=y implies x=x%y
  Relational operators
Operator Description
< Less than: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand is numerically
less than the right hand operand otherwise it returns 0 (false)
<= Less than or equal to: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand is
numerically less than or equal to the right hand operand otherwise
it returns 0 (false)
> Greater than: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand is
numerically greater than the right hand operand otherwise it
returns 0 (false)
>= Greater than or equal to: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand
is numerically greater than or equal to the right hand operand
otherwise it returns 0 (false)
== Equals to: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand is numerically
equal to the right hand operand otherwise it returns 0 (false)
!= Not equal to: returns 1 (true) if the left hand operand is
numerically NOT equal to the right hand operand otherwise it
returns 0 (false)
  Logical operators

Operator Description
&& And: Returns 1 (true) iff both operands are true
|| Or: Returns true if one or both operands are true
! Negation: Inverts the value of a Boolean
& Bitwise And operator
| Bitwise Or operator
 Operators
 Unary operators

Operator Description
+ Indicates positive numbers
- Indicates a negative number or expression
++ Increment
--Ternary
 Decrement
operator (?:)
(relational/logical expr)? expr1 : expr2
e.g.
(age>18) ? salary=25000: salary=45000;
  Operator precedence
level operator associativity level operator associativity
1 ( ), [ ], -> Left to right 14 ?: Right to left
2 ~, ++, --, ! Left to right 15 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= Right to left
3 *, &, sizeof() Left to right 16 , Left to right
4 *, /, % Left to right
5 +, - Left to right
6 <<, >> Left to right
7 <, <=, >, >= Left to right
8 ==, != Left to right
9 & Left to right
10 ` Left to right
11 | Left to right
12 && Left to right
13 || Left to right
 Expression and Statement
 An Expression is a construct that consist of variables, constants,
operators or function invocation which yield a single value
 Arithmetic expression
 Assignment expression
 Logical expression
 Relational expression

A Statement is a complete program construct that causes and execution.

It is simply an expression terminated with a semicolon:
 Assignment statement
 Declaration statement

Control flow statement

• Simple statements
• Compound statements
 Data Types
 Primitive/Basic data types
 Character (char)
 Integer (int)
 Float (float)
 Double (double)

These types can be further described using the qualifiers short, long and unsigned as follows:
short int, long int, unsigned int, long float

 Composite/Derived data types

 Array
 Pointer
 Structure (struct) and union
 Enumeration (enum)
 Data Types:
 Primitive/Basic data types cont’d
Data type Memory space (bits) range
short 16 [-32768, 32767]
unsigned short 16 [0, 65535]
int 16 [-32768, 32767]
unsigned int 16 [0, 65535]
long 32 -2147483648, 2147483647
unsigned long 32 [0, 4294967295]
float 32 [3.4E-38, 3.4E38]
double 64 [1.7E-308, 1.7E308]
long double 80 [3.4E-4932, 1.1E4932]
unsigned char 8 [0, 255]
char 8 [-128, 127]
 Fundamentals of C/C++

Identifiers: are names assigned to program entities

Rules for constructing an identifier:

 Must start with an alphabet or the underscore ( _ )
 Other characters can be one or a combination of alphabets, digits or underscore
 Must not be a reserved word
 C/C++ is case sensitive i.e. name, Name, naMe and NaMe are four different identifiers

Note: Always use descriptive names as identifiers e.g. total is a better identifier than t

Examples: _age, 4ages, cumulative_salary, electric&water, 123, auto,

 Fundamentals of C/C++

variables and constants:

Variables: are program entities that can change in value during the course of program execution

Constants: are program entities that cannot change in value during the course of program execution
 Variable Declaration
the syntax for declaring variables are:
 dataType varName;
e.g. int age;

 dataType varName [=initial value];

e.g. float height = 1.92;

 data_type list_of_varName;
e.g.
float vol, height, weight;
float age=32, height, weight=75;
 Constants

Literals Example

Integer
Constant Declaration
657, O657(octal), Ox657(hexadecimal)
the syntax for declaring constant are:
 using the const keyword
Float 0.567, 1.8E3, 5.6E-4
e.g. const float height=1.92;
 using the #define preprocessor
Character
e.g. #define height 1.92 ‘A’, ‘&’

String
e.g.
data_type list_of_varName;
“amos”, “abdulganiu”
float vol, height, weight;
float age=32, height, weight=75;
 Control structures

 Selection statements
 If
 If-else
 else if
 switch

 Repetition statements
 while
 do-while
 for
 Selection statement
 If statement
if (expr) stmt
e.g.
if(age >=18) status = “Adult”;

 If-else statement
If(expr) stmt_1
else stmt_2
e.g.
if(age>=18) status = “Adult”;
else status=“Teenager”;
 switch statement - char, int and enum,

switch(expr){
case val_1: stmt_1
break;
case val_2: stmt_2
break;
.
.
.
case val_n: stmt_n
break;
[default: default_stmt]
}
E.g.
int weekDay =5;
switch(weekDay){
case 1: printf(“Sunday”);
break;
case 2: printf(“Monday”);
break;
case 3: printf(“Tuesday”);
break;
case 4: printf(“Wednesday”);
break;
case 5: printf(“Thursday”);
break;
case 6: printf(“Friday”);
break;
case 7: printf(“Saturday”);
break;
default: printf(“Wrong day number”);
}
 Iteration statement
 while

while(expr)
stmt
e.g.

Short i=1;
While(i<6){
printf(“This is iteration %d“, i);
i=i+1;
}
 Iteration statement
 do- while
do{
stmts
}while(expr);

e.g.

int i=1;
do{
printf(“This is iteration %d“, i);
i=i+1;
}While(i<6);
 Iteration statement
 for
for ([initialization]; [termination]; [increment/decrement]){
statement(s)
}
e.g.

for(Short i=1;i<6;i++)
printf(“This is iteration %“, i);
 Other control statement
 break

int x=1;
while(x<10){
if(x==8)break;
System.out.println(“X = “,x);
x++;
}
 continue

int x=1;
while(x<10){
if(x==8){x++;continue;}
System.out.println(“X = “,x);
x++;
}