Chemical Processes mlt

Chemical
Process
FAT I M A A Z I Z A
M O L E C U L A R B I O LO G I S T / C L I N I C A L B I O C H E M I S T
M E D I C A L L A B T E C H N O LO G I S T
Learning Outcome:
Filtration Evaporation
Distillation Oxidation and Reduction
Crystallisation Titration
Precipitation Catalysis
Fractional Distillation Centrifugation
Decantation Sublimation
Hydrolysis
Filteration:
 Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that
allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid.
Process:
I. Filter paper is placed inside a funnel.

II. Container is placed under the funnel.
III. Mixture is poured onto the filter paper.
IV. The fluid passed through the funnel while solid is traced in filter paper. The liquid that passes through
the filter paper is called filtrate.
V. The filter paper is spread to dry the solid.
The solid that remains on filter
Application: paper is called residue.
Water is filtered to remove metals and microorganisms.

Air conditioners and many vacuum cleaners use HEPA filters to remove dust and pollen from the air.
Evaporation:
Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
The amount of evaporation depends on the temperature, and it also depends on
the amount of water there is to evaporate.
Process:
When the temperature of liquid increases, their kinetic energy increases, and they
escape from the surface. Evaporation occurs at the surface of liquid. This lowers
the kinetic energy of the system and cools it. So evaporation is a cooling process.
Application:
• Drying of wet clothes.
• Preparation of normal salt by evaporating of sea water.
• Drying of wet floors is also an example of evaporation.
Oxidation and Reduction:
OXIDATION REDUCTION
 Oxidation is gain of oxygen.  Reduction is loss of oxygen.

 It is loss of hydrogen.  It is gain of hydrogen
 It is loss of electrons.  It is gain of electrons.
 Increase in oxidation number.  Decrease in oxidation number.
Titration:
 A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to
determine the concentration of an unknown solution.
 Process:
 The analyte solution is usually placed in a flask for titration.
 A small amount of indicator (3-4 drops) is then added into the flask together
with the analyte.
 The reagent is usually placed in a burette and slowly added to the analyte-
indicator mixture.
 The amount of reagent used is recorded when the indicator causes a change in
the color of the solution.
 Application:
Titration helps in finding the appropriate concentration and amount of
ingredients used in the manufacturing of food products and cosmetics.
Titration has been a standard method of analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.
Crystallisation:
 Crystallisation is a separation technique to separate solids from a
solution. The atoms and molecules are arranged into crystals.
 Process:
 The solution is heated in an open container.
 The solvent molecules start evaporating, leaving behind the solutes.
 When the solution cools, crystals of solute start accumulating on the
surface of the solution.
 Crystals are collected and dried.
Many tiny crystals are formed if the solution is cooled at a fast rate and
large crystals are formed at slow cooling rates.
 Application:
 To obtain pure salt from seawater
 Separation of alum crystals from impure samples
Precipitation:
 Precipitation is the process of transforming a dissolved substance into an
insoluble solid from a super-saturated solution.
Precipitation reactions occur when cations and anions in aqueous solution combine to form
an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate.
 Example:
 Aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride (KCl),
and the precipitation of a white solid, silver chloride (AgCl), is observed:
 The solid formed is called
AgNO3 + KCl → AgCl + KNO3
the precipitate.
 When two ions bond together to form an insoluble salt, which is known as the precipitate.  The clear liquid remaining
above the precipitated is
 Application:
the 'supernatant'.
 Observing precipitation reactions can be useful in the laboratory to determine the presence
of various ions in solution.
Catalyst is any substance
that increases the rate of
a reaction without itself
Catalysis: being consumed.
 Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by

adding a catalyst.
 Catalysts lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
 Process:
 Uses:
There are many reactions where which do not undergo without a catalysts.
Catalysts make chemical production processes easier, and faster.
Decantation:
 Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid
mixture such as a suspension.
 Examples of Decantation:
Immiscible Liquid Separation:
Decantation can be used to separate two liquids that have different densities as long as they are
immiscible. For example, water and oil form two separate layers when mixed together. Water being
denser settles at the bottom and oil floats on water, forming two distinct layers.
Liquid-Solid Separation
Decantation can also separate insoluble solids from liquids. This involves first allowing the particles to
be settled via the action of gravity and the pouring out the clear liquid. Mixture is poured onto the filter
paper.
 Application:
 Clearwater can be obtained from muddy water via decantation.
 Cream floats on top of milk, and this allows the separation of milk and cream via decantation.
 Plasma can be separated from blood by using a centrifuge through decantation while performing
diagnostic tests.
Centrifugation:
 Centrifugation is a technique used for the separation of particles from a
solution according to their size, density and viscosity of the medium.
Centrifugation is a technique that helps to separate mixtures by applying
centrifugal force.
Process of Centrifugation:
I. Take a Sample tube

II. Place it in Centrifuge Cup.
III. Place a balance tube, in front or reciprocal position in Centrifuge.
IV. Run at desired Speed and afterwards carefully pick the same tube out.
Application:
 To separate serum/plasma from Blood sample. For blood samples, speed 4000-5000
rpm should be run for 5-7 Minutes.
Hydrolysis:
 Hydrolysis is a double decomposition reaction with water as one of the reactants.
 Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more
chemical bonds.
Hydrolysis reaction:
•Application:
 Biological applications range from breaking sugar molecules down in our body to
participating in the release of stored energy from ATP.
Sublimation:
The vaporization of a solid directly on heating without passing through the liquid phase and
condensation of these vapors on cooling to solid without passing through a liquid phase is
called sublimation..
Sublimation process:
 A substance to be sublimed is taken in a watch glass which is covered with an inverted funnel.
 The stem of the funnel is closed with a cotton plug. Heat the substance slowly on the sand bath.
 At the same time cool the funnel with wet cotton.
 The compound sublimes and the pure solid deposits on the inner side of the funnel.
Application:
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. At room temperature and pressure, it sublimates into carbon
dioxide vapor.
Sublimation of iodine may be used to reveal latent fingerprints on paper.
Distillation:
 Distillation, process involving the conversion of a liquid into vapour that is subsequently
condensed back to liquid form.
Process:
 The process of distillation begins with heating a liquid to boiling point.
The liquid evaporates, forming a vapor.
The vapor is then cooled, usually by passing it through pipes or tubes at a lower
temperature.
The cooled vapor then condenses, forming a distillate.
 Applicaion:
 Distillation is used to purify compounds in solution or to separate mixtures of solutes. The distillate is a purified form of the
original liquid. When the liquid
 It is a procedure by which two liquids with different boiling points can be separated. evaporates, many impurities are left
behind, so they are not present in the
distillate.
Fractional Distillation:
Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.
Chemical compounds are separated by heating them to a temperature at which one or more
fractions of the mixture will vaporize.
 Process:
 The crude oil is heated to vaporize it and is fed into the bottom of a distillation tower.
The resulting vapour then rises through the vertical column.
As the gases rise through the tower, the temperature decreases.
As the temperature decreases, certain hydrocarbons begin to condense and run off at
different levels.
Advantage:
Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow
differences in boiling points.

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Chemical

I. Filter paper is placed inside a funnel.

Water is filtered to remove metals and microorganisms.

 Oxidation is gain of oxygen.  Reduction is loss of oxygen.

Catalysis: being consumed.

 Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by

I. Take a Sample tube

 At the same time cool the funnel with wet cotton.

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