Lecture-12

Microwave Network Analysis Aug 27, 2024

Multiport Networks

RF and Microwave Communication AV 313

Semester-V
Dr. Chinmoy Saha
Professor, Avionics
Indian Institute of Space Science and
Technology
[email protected]

1
Two-Port Networks
Consider a general 2-port linear network:

I1 I2
+ +
V1 1 2 V2
- -

In terms of Z-parameters, we have (from superposition)

V1 Z11 I1  Z12 I 2 Impedance (Z) matrix

V2 Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2

 V1   Z11 Z12   I1 
     V   Z  I 
 V2   Z 21 Z 22   I 2 
2
Elements of Z-Matrix: Z-Parameters
(open-circuit parameters )
V1 Z11 I1  Z12 I 2
V2 Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2
Port 2 open circuited Port 1 open circuited
Vi V1
V1 Z ij  Z12 
Z11  Ij
I1 I k 0 k j I2 I1 0
I 2 0

V2 V2
Z 21  Z 22 
I1 I2 I1 0
I 2 0

I1 I2
+ +
V1 1 2 V2
- -

3
Z-Parameters (cont.)
N-port network

  Ij

Vi
Z ij 
Ij
I k 0 k j 
Vi +

- 


We inject a current into port j and measure the voltage (with an ideal
voltmeter) at port i. All ports are open-circuited except j.

4
Z-Parameters (cont.)
Z-parameters are convenient for series connected networks.

 V1   V1A   V1B  I1A I 2A

 V   A    B  I1 I2
 2   V2   V2  + + + V2A +
V1A -
1 A 2 -
 Z A   I A    Z B   I B 

 
  Z A    Z B   I 
V1 V2
 I1  I1B I 2B

  Z    Z   
A B

 I2  - V1B +
- 1 B 2
+
-
V2B -
B  1
I
 A
 Z  Z    
 I2 

 V1   Z11A  Z11B Z12A  Z12B   I1  Series  I1  I1 A  I1B

 V   A B  
 2   Z 21  Z 21 Z 22A  Z 22B   I 2  I 2 I 2 A I 2 B
5
Admittance (Y) Parameters
Consider a 2-port network:
I1 I2
+ +
V1 1 2 V2
- -

I1 Y11V1  Y12V2 Admittance

I 2 Y21V1  Y22V2 matrix

 I1   Y11 Y12   V1 
or  I   Y Y   V    I  Y V 
 2   21 22   2 

Ii
Yij  Short-circuit parameters
Vj
Vk 0 k j
6
Y-Parameters (cont.)
N-port network

  Vj

Ii +-
Yij 
Vj
Vk 0 k j 

Ii



We apply a voltage across port j and measure the current (with an ideal
current meter) at port i. All ports are short-circuited except j.

7
 Admittance (Y) Parameters
Y-parameters are
convenient for parallel I1 I1A I 2A I2
+ +
connected networks. + + A
V1 V1A - 1 A 2 - V2
V2
-
-

I1B I 2B
+ + B
A
 I1   I   I 
1 1
B
V1
B
-
1 B 2 - V2
 I   I    I 
A B
 2    
2 2

 Y11A  Y11B Y12A  Y12B   V1  A B

 A  Parallel  V1 V1 V1
Y
 21 21 Y B
Y22A  Y22B   V2 
V2 V2A V2B

8
Admittance (Y) Parameters
Relation between [Z] and [Y] matrices:

V   Z  I 
 I  Y V 

Hence V   Z  Y V  

 Z Y  V 

 Z Y  U  Identity Matrix

Therefore Y   Z  1
9
Reciprocal Networks
If a network does not contain non-reciprocal devices or materials* (i.e.
ferrites, or active devices), then the network is “reciprocal.”

Note: The inverse of a

 Z ij Z ji Y ij Y ji  symmetric matrix is
symmetric.

  Z  and Y  are symmetric

• A reciprocal material is one that has reciprocal permittivity and

permeability tensors.
• A reciprocal device is one that is made from reciprocal materials

Example of a nonreciprocal material: a biased ferrite

(This is very useful for making isolators and circulators.)
10
 Reciprocal Materials
D  E
B  Η

 Dx    xx  xy  xz   Ex   Bx    xx  xy  xz    x 
 D    
 yy  yz   E y   B     yy

 yz    y 
 y   yx  y   yx  
 Dz    zx  zy  zz   Ez   Bz    zx  zy  zz    z 

Reciprocal:  ij  ji , ij  ji

  j  0
  0  
Ferrite:   0   j  is not symmetric!
 0 0 1 

11
Reciprocal Networks (cont.)
We can show that the equivalent circuits for reciprocal 2-port networks
are:
Z11  Z 21 Z 22  Z 21

T-equivalent Z 21

 Y21

Pi-equivalent Y11  Y21 Y22  Y21

12
ABCD-Parameters
There are defined only for 2-port networks.

I1 I 2'
 V1   A B   V2   V
 I   C D   I '  V1
 1 2  2
 1    2
I 2'  I 2

V1 I1
A C
V2 I 2' 0
V2 I 2' 0

V I1
B  1' D
I 2 V 0 I 2' V 0
2 2

13
Cascaded Networks
I1 I A A' B' I 2'
1 I 2 I 1
B I 2
  V  V 
V1 V1A
 1 A 2  2
A
V 1
B

 1 B 2  2
B
V2

A
 V1   V1A  A
 V 2 
 I   I A   ABCD   A'  A nice property of the
 1  1   I 2 
ABCD matrix is that it is
B
A  V1  easy to use with cascaded
 ABCD   B 
networks: you simply
 I1 
B
multiply the ABCD
A B
 V 2  matrices together.
 ABCD   ABCD   B' 
 I 2 

 V1  AB  V2 
I   
 ABCD   I' 
 1  2
14
Scattering Parameters
 At high frequencies, Z, Y, h & ABCD parameters are difficult
(if not impossible) to measure.
o V and I are not uniquely defined
o Even if defined, V and I are extremely difficult
to measure (particularly I).
o Required open and short-circuit conditions are
often difficult to achieve.

 Scattering (S) parameters are often the best representation for

multi-port networks at high frequency.

15
Scattering Parameters (cont.)
S-parameters are defined assuming transmission lines are connected to
each port.

a1 a2
Z 01 , 1 1 2 Z 02 , 2
b1 b2
z1 z2
Local coordinates
On each transmission line:
Vi  zi  Vi 0 e  i zi  Vi 0 e i zi  Vi   zi   Vi   zi 
Vi   zi  Vi   zi 
I i  zi    i 1, 2
Z 0i Z 0i

Incoming wave function ai  zi  Vi  zi  

Z 0i
Outgoing wave function bi  zi  Vi  zi 

Z 0i
16
For a One-Port Network
L
V1 0  Z 01
L   a1
V1 0  Z 01 Z 01
b1

b1 0  l1

a1 0   b1 0   L a1 0  For a one-port network, S11
is defined to be the same
S11 a1 0  as L.
S11

Incoming wave function ai  zi  Vi  zi 

Z 0i
Outgoing wave function bi  zi  Vi  zi 

Z 0i

17
For a Two-Port Network
a1 a2
Z 01 , 1 1 2 Z 02 , 2
b1 b2
z1 z2

b1 0   S11a1 0   S12 a2 0 
Scattering
b2 0   S21a1 0   S22 a2 0  matrix

 b1 0   S11 S12   a1 0 
         b  S  a 
 b2 0   S21 S22   a2 0 

18
Scattering Parameters
b1 0  S11a1 0   S12a2 0 
b2 0  S21a1 0   S22a2 0 

b1 0  Output is
S11  matched input reflection coef.
a1 0  a 0
2 w/ output matched
b1 0  Input is
S12  reverse transmission coef.
a2 0  a 0 matched
1 w/ input matched
b2 0  Output is
S21  forward transmission coef.
a1 0  a 0 matched w/ output matched
2

b2 0  Input is
S22  output reflection coef.
a2 0  a 0 matched
1
w/ input matched

19
Scattering Parameters (cont.)
For a general multiport network:

bi 0  All ports except j are semi-infinite (or matched)

Sij 
a j 0 
ak 0 k j

N-port network

Semi-infinite  
aj Port j



Port i bi



20
Scattering Parameters (cont.)
Illustration of a three-port network

a2
2
a1 b2
1
b1 a3
3
b3

21
Scattering Parameters (cont.)
For reciprocal networks, the S-matrix is symmetric.

 Sij S ji i j

Note: If all lines entering the network have the same characteristic
impedance, then

Vi  0 
Sij  
V j 0 
Vk 0 k j

22
Scattering Parameters (cont.)
Why are the wave functions (a and b) defined as they are?

a1 a2
Z 01 , 1 1 2 Z 02 , 2
b1 b2
z1 z2

2
i 0 

1 1 V
Pi 0   Re  Vi 0  I i 0  
*
  
(assuming lossless lines)
2   2 Z
0i

Note:
ai 0  Vi  0  Z 0i
1 2
 Pi 0   ai 0 


23
 Scattering Parameters (cont.)
Similarly,
2
1 Vi 0 

1 2
Pi 0  

 bi 0 
2 Z 0i 2

Also,

Vi   li  Vi  0  e i li
Vi   li  Vi  0  e  i li

1 2 1 2 2 l
 Pi  li   ai  li   ai 0  e i i


2 2
1 2 1 2
Pi   li   bi  li   bi 0  e  2i li
2 2
24