DC & AC MACHINERY COURSE

MODULE 8: STARTING DIRECT

CURRENT MOTORS
ENGR. RENE D. OLAMIT, MSMENG
FACULTY IN CHARGE
STARTING DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

The counter –emf aids the armature resistance in

limiting the current through the armature . When power
is applied to a motor, the armature is not rotating.
Under these conditions the counter-emf is zero and the
only factor limiting the current in the armature is the
armature resistance.
The armature resistance of a motor is very small,
generally less than one ohm;
THREE-POINT
STARTER
THREE-POINT STARTER

Referring figure 8.1, shows a schematic diagram of a

three-point starter connected to a motor. The incoming
power is indicated as L1 and L2. The components within
the broken lines form the three-point starter.
There are only three connections to the starter; thus
the name three-point starter. The connections to the
armature are indicated as A1 and A2.
THREE-POINT STARTER

The ends of the field coil are indicated as F1 and F2.

A field rheostat is connected in series with the shunt
field in order to control the speed. One side of the line is
connected to the arm of the starter (represented by an
arrow in the diagram). The are is spring-loaded that it
will return to the “ off” position unless held at any
position.
THREE-POINT STARTER

When the arm is move to the first step, full line

voltage is applied across the shunt field. The field
rheostat is normally set to ,minimum resistance so that
the speed of the motor will not be excessive; also, the
motor will develop a large starting torque. The starter
also connects an electromagnet in series with the
shunt field. This magnet will hold the arm in position
when the arm makes contact with the magnet.
THREE-POINT STARTER

At the same time that voltage is applied to the shunt

field the starting resistance limits the flow of current
to the armature. As the motor picks up speed and
builds up a counter-emf, the arm is moved slowly to
short out the starting resistance. When the arm has
shorted out all the resistance, the motor is up to the
speed and the arm is held in this position by the
electromagnet.
THREE-POINT STARTER
It should be noted that the armature resistance is
connected in series with the shunt field after the arm
has cut out all the resistance in series with the
armature. Since the armature resistance is connected
in series with the shunt field after the arm has cut out
all the resistance in series with the armature.
Since the armature resistance is small compared with
the field circuit resistance, its effect in the field circuit
is negligible.
THREE-POINT STARTER
It should be noted that the armature resistance is
connected in series with the shunt field after the arm
has cut out all the resistance in series with the
armature. Since the armature resistance is connected
in series with the shunt field after the arm has cut out
all the resistance in series with the armature.
Since the armature resistance is small compared with
the field circuit resistance, its effect in the field circuit
is negligible.
THREE-POINT STARTER
The three point starter offers protection against an open
field circuit. The field circuit of a motor must never be
opened. If it is , the motor will run away. The motor
connected to the three-point starter cannot run away
because of an open field circuit. An open field circuit will
interrupt the current flow to the electromagnet,
thereby deenergizing the magnet and thus permitting
the arm to return to the “off” position .
THREE-POINT STARTER
The use of the three-point starter presents a problem.
The speed of the motor is controlled by means of field
rheostat. To increase the speed of the motor it is
necessary to set the field rheostat to a higher resistance
value. The current through the shunt field is reduced,
and so is the current through the coil of the holding
electro magnet. The reduced current through the coil
reduces the strength of the magnet and makes it
susceptible to line –voltage variations.
THREE-POINT STARTER

In the weakened condition a slight reduction in line

voltage would further weaken the holding magnet,
releasing the arm of the starter and thus disconnecting
the motor from the line. Unscheduled stoppages of the
motor make the three-point starter quite unpopular.
FOUR-POINT
STARTER
FOUR –POINT STARTER
The four –point starter eliminates the disadvantages of
the of the three-point starter, in addition to the same
three point starter that were used with the three - point
starter, the other side of the line,L2, is the fourth point
brought to the starter.
The coil of the holding magnet is connected across the
line when the arm is moved from the “ off “ position.
The holding magnet and starting resistors function as in
the three-point starter as shown in Figure 8.2.
.
FOUR –POINT STARTER

The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is

quite remote; thus, the greater acceptance of the four-
point starter as refer Figure 8.2. over the three - point
starter.
The four-point starter provides the motor with no-
voltage protection. Should the power fail, the motor
must be disconnected from the line.
FOUR –POINT STARTER
If not, full line voltage will be applied to the armature
without the benefit of the starting resistors when power
is restored.
The holding magnet, being connected across the line,
releases the arm when the voltage drops below a
specific value, thus protecting the motor when power is
restored.
 DETERMINING
THE RESISTANCE
STEPS
DETERMINING THE RESISTANCE STEPS
The maximum value of current that should be permitted
to flow through the armature is approximately 150 tp
200 per cent of the full- load current. Current in excess
of the maximum will change benefit of the starting
resistors when power is restored.
 COMPUTER
DESIGN
( EXCLUDED)
SERIES – MOTOR
STARTER
AUTOMATIC
STARTERS
DEFINITE-TIME
STARTER
COUNTER –EMF
STARTER
 CURRENT-
LIMIT-
ACCELERATION
STARTER
COMPONENTS
AND CONTROL
CIRCUIT OF
AUTOMATIC
STARTERS
 ACROSS THE
LINE STARTER
COMPLETE TIME
–DELAY
STARTER
 INTRODUCTION
TO THE
PROGRAMMABLE
CONTROLLER
 PROGRAMMING
THE
PROGRAMMABLE
CONTROLLER
 ADVANTAGES /
DISADVANTAGES
 GLOSSARY OF
TERMS
ASSOCIATED WITH
PROGRAMMABLE
CONTROLLERS
END OF MODULE 8 :
STARTING DIRECT
CURRENT STARTER