Basic Rules of Boolean
Algebra
OR AND
x+xy = x(1+y)=x x(x+y)=xx+xy=x+xy=x(1+y)=x
mplementation of Boolean Functions
aw the logic diagram for the following functions
F = (a.b)+(b.c) a
b
F
F1 = x + y’z
x
F1
z
mplementation of Boolean Functions
Draw the logic diagram for:
F2 x' y ' z x' yz xy '
F2
z
mplementation of Boolean Functions
Simplify F2 of previous example using Boolean rules
F2 x' y ' z x' yz xy '
x' z ( y ' y ) xy ' Distributive
x' z (1) xy ' Complement
x' z xy '
x
y
F2
This implementation has fewer gates and fewer inputs to the gates (or wires) than
the previous one.
Simplifying Boolean Functions
Simplify following Boolean function to a min number of literals.
F= x(+ y)
= xx+ xy = 0 + xy = xy Note:
Functions F and F1 are
the dual of each other,
F1= x + (x’.y) hence output is also
= (x+x’)(x+y) = 1(x+y) = x+y dual.
F2= (x + y) (x + y’)
= x+ xy +xy’ +yy’ = x(1+y+y’) = x (solving via expansion)
Solving F2 using Distributive law
F2= (x + y) (x + y’)
= (x + y)(x + y’) = x + yy’
Simplifying Boolean Functions
F3 xy x' z yz
xy x' z yz ( x x' ) Complement (x.x’)=1
xy x' z xyz x' yz Distributed
xy xyz x' z x' yz Rearrange order
xy (1 z ) x' z (1 y ) Distributed
xy x' z (X+1 =1)
F4= (x+y)(x’+z)(y+z)
By principle of duality F4 = xy + x’z + yz = F3 . Hence, ans = xy + x’z
x
y
F3
z
Complement of a Function
• The complement of a Function F is F’ is obtained by taking dual of the function
and then complementing each literal.
• Consider: A+B
• Dual: AB
• Complement: A'B’
• Consider F1=X’YZ’ +X’Y’Z
• Dual of F1 is = (X’+Y+Z’)(X’+Y’+Z) - Interchange AND and OR in func
• Complement each literal (X+Y’+Z)(X+Y+Z’) = F1’
Complement follows DeMorgan’s Theorem which says
(X+Y)’ = X’Y’ and (XY)’=X’+Y’
Thus, in general (A+B+C+D+…+F)’= A’B’C’D’…. F’ and similarly
(ABCD…F)’ = A’+B’+C’+D’+… + F’
Complement of a Function
Take complement of F2 = [x(y’z’ + yz)]’
Method 1: Using principle of duality
Method 2: Using DeMorgan’s Theorem
More on complements (DeMorgan)
Find the complement of following functions using DeMorgan’s Theorem:
F ( AB'C ) D' E F = x(x+y)
F ' [( AB'C ) D' E ]' F’=[ x( x y )]' x'( x y )'
[( AB'C ) D ' ]' E ' x' x' y '
[( AB'C )' D' ' ]E ' x' (1 y ' )
[( AB' )' C ' D ]E ' x' (1) x'
( A' B )C ' E ' DE '
