LESSON

2
DATING,
COURTSHIP, AND
MARRIAGE
WHAT IS DATING?
WHAT IS DATING?
• Dating is an activity in which people get
together.
• It is also a way for people to be more
aware of who they are and to acquire
social and interpersonal skills.
• The main purpose in dating is to
determine compatibility between two
WHAT IS COURTSHIP?
WHAT IS COURTSHIP?
• The stage in which a man and a
woman assess each other.
• Provides an opportunity for both to
determine if companionship could be
sustained over a period of time
without becoming boring or filled
with conflict.
 SERIOUS
DATING ENGAGEMENT
COURTSHIP

Main purpose is Field of dating The

to get has narrowed
selection has
acquainted and to one or two
enjoy social been made
persons, and
activities with and two
members of
for the
purpose of
people agree
opposite sex to
develop skills in selection of to marry
boy-girl the marriage each other.
relationships. partner.
WHY IS DATING AND COURTSHIP
IMPORTANT IN CHOOSING A
LIFELONG PARTNER?
WHAT IS MARRIAGE?
WHAT IS MARRIAGE?
• Defined as the most
committed male-female
relationship.
• A legal contract held together
by bonds of intimacy and
• Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines -
Marriage is a special contract of permanent union
between a man and a woman entered into in
accordance with law for the establishment of
conjugal and family life.
• Article 52 of the Philippines Civil Code -
“Marriage is not a mere contract but an inviolable
institution. Its nature, consequences and incidents
are governed by law and not subject to stipulation
except that the marriage settlements may to certain
extent fix the property relations during marriage.”
The Various Forms of MARRIAGE:

Polyga
Monoga
my
• Polygyny
• Polyandry
my
MONOGAMY
• Union of one man and one woman for a
varying period of time.
• Widely practiced among cultures and
societies, and most especially in Christian
religions.
• The strength of monogamy is that both
father and mother unite their efforts in
rearing their children.
MONOGAMY
• Monogamous families produce the highest
type of affection, or altruistic love and of
tolerant devotion.
• The cohesive power of the family is
greater; therefore, monogamous families
tend to increase the unity and
cohesiveness of the society itself.
POLYGAMY
• The state or practice of
having two or more wives or
husbands at a time.
POLYGAMY: POLYGYNY
• A man has two or more wives at the same
time.
• This arrangement gives more pleasure to,
prestige, and power to the man-more
sexual satisfaction, more wealth and
better social standing, and greater power
of his family in the clan due to many
POLYGAMY: POLYANDRY
• A woman has two or more
husbands at a time.
• This practice is mainly due to
the numerical disproportion
between sexes among
WHAT IS TEENAGE MARRIAGE?
• This is a type of marriage when
young people who are still in their
teenage years get married
because of reasons like untimely
pregnancy and escape or rebellion
against their family.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF
TEENAGE MARRIAGE?
PREMARITAL PREGNANCY
• An increase in number of teenagers
engaging in premarital sex, too early
and unwanted pregnancy follows
inevitably.
• Pregnant teens are forced to marry
to avoid rejection from family
IMPULSIVE DECISION-MAKING
• Teenagers are at the height of
impulsiveness. They tend to think
that what they feel for the moment
is final.
• Some, when they fall in love, hastily
decide to get married, thinking
PERCEIVED SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS

• Many teenagers marry because

they believe marriage is the way
to escape family problems or the
solution to their emotional hang-
ups.
 WHY DO TEENAGE
MARRIAGES USUALLY FAIL?
INSUFFICIENT MATURITY
• A teenager may be
intellectually capable to earn
a living but still emotionally
immature to meet the
demands of married life.
INSUFFICIENT FINANCIAL RESOURCES
• Finding a stable job that could sustain
a starting family is hard due to lack of
academic training and required
knowledge and skills.
• Teen couples usually rely on their
parents’ support, which may eventually
lead to conflict.
WRONG REASON FOR MARRYING
• Many teens believe that marriage
would set them free from their family
or emotional problems.
• Marriage serves to aggravate one’s
existing problems or multiply them by
combining them with his/her
partner’s own problems.
LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF MARRIAGE
RESPONSIBILITY
• Responsible and mature love is
very important in marriage.
• Since teens are not mature
enough, they are usually not
ready for marriage.
 WHAT ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR
PROMOTE HEALTHY RELATIONSHIP
IN MARRIAGE AND FAMILY LIFE?
 SPEAK UP
Couples should talk about things COMPROMISE
that bother them. An open Remember that husband and wife
communication line clears the gap are two individuals and they
between partners sometimes have different ways of
RESPECT
thinking and disagreements may
Husband and wife should value
arise. As they say, meet halfway.
each other’s wishes and feelings.
Compromise on whatever decisions
They should consider each other’s
the couple will make, considering
ideas and opinions. Mutual respect
both sides.
is a big factor in a relationship.
RESPECT EACH
BE SUPPORTIVE OTHER’S
Husband and wife should Never forget that husband and wife
PRIVACY
encourage each other to further are still two different individuals
develop themselves and support with different hobbies and
each other. As partners, they must interests. Give each other space.
always lift each other’s spirit up.
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO A SUCCESSFUL
MARRIAGE?
The following are factors that contribute to a successful and happy
marriage (Pew Research Center, 2007):

FAITHFULNE
SS ADEQUATE
CHILDRE INCOME
N HAPPY MUTUAL
RELATIONSHIP
GOOD SHARED RELIGIOUS
HOUSING BELIEF
AGREEMENT IN
POLITICS
SHARED HOUSEHOLD
CHORES
SHARED TASTES AND
 WHAT ARE SOME MARITAL
PRACTICES AND SETUPS ACROSS
COUNTRIES?
AFRICA
Mass polygyny is
practiced, a wife can
be replaced or
substituted with
another wife by the
husband if the she
fails to bear heirs.
CHINA
Highly patriarchal,
follows the three rules
of obedience: a
daughter obeys her
father; a married
woman obeys her
husband; and a widow
obeys her son.
INDIA
Arranged marriages
are still practiced to
preserve endogamy,
where mates are
selected from within
one’s social group,
such as caste, tribe,
race, or religion.
INDONESIA
Matrilineal family is
observed, where
inheritance is passed on
to sons or relatives of the
mother. Indonesia
emphasizes on having
smaller families and
gives importance on the
health of women.
UNITED STATES AND CANADA
The neolocal family
pattern is being
followed, where a
couple should be
financially ready to
build their own
household.
LESSON
2
MATERNAL
HEALTH CONCERNS
One of the purposes of getting married is to
have children.
Being able to reproduce would mean adding
more members to the family. For few couples,
inability to bear children or sterility breaks the
strong foundation they have built during
courtship. But for many, especially the open-
minded persons, not having biological children
does not matter at all.
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE BY A
WIFE IN PREPARATION FOR
PREGNANCY?
1. See your doctor for advice.
2. Have a dental checkup. Pregnancy affects the dental
condition of the mother because minerals like calcium
may diminish at this time.
3. Ask your doctor if you need vaccination.
4. Discuss with your doctor your family health history.
5. Change your habits. Avoid cigarettes, alcohol, and
illegal drugs which may affect the development of the
anticipated body.
6. Have a healthy weight. If you are obese, lose weight.
7. Check if your workplace or your work is safe for
pregnancy.
Blighted Ovum
It happens when the egg is
fertilized in the fallopian tube
and attaches itself to the
uterus, but the embryo fails
to develop. A pregnancy sac
or the amniotic sac develops
but the individual embryo
inside does not. This may
lead to miscarriage.
Blighted Ovum
Ectopic
Pregnancy
In ectopic pregnancy, the
embryo is implanted outside
the uterine cavity. The
embryo may have been
attached to the fallopian
tube, cervix, ovaries, and
abdomen. This condition
poses danger to the mother
and the removal of the
embryo is justified.
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
(PCOS)
It is an endocrine disorder
which may cause female
subfertility. PCOS causes
anovulation, excess
androgenic hormones, and
insulin resistance. Irregular
menstruation, amenorrhea,
and ovulation-related
infertility are the effects of
anovulation.
Myoma (Fibroid)
A benign tumor that builds in or
around the uterus. Among the
symptoms of this condition are
abdominal, pelvic, or lower back
pain that can be severe, episodic or
constant abdominal pressure,
abdominal swelling, distension or
bloating, menorrhagia, longer than
normal menstrual periods, pain
during sexual intercourse, urgent
need to urinate, and vaginal
bleeding between menstrual
periods.
 WHAT SHOULD BE DONE BY
EXPECTANT MOTHERS DURING
PREGNANCY?
HEALTH CONDITIONS THAT MAY
OCCUR DURING PREGNANCY
Pre-eclampsia
A condition wherein the pregnant mother
experiences high blood pressure and high
amount of protein in urine. It should be
closely monitored because it may lead to
eclampsia, the episode of seizures during
pregnancy, which is very dangerous for both
the mother and the baby.
Placenta Previa
A complication wherein the placenta is
inserted in the lower uterine segment, may
be partial or whole. This is very critical
because the fetus relies on the placenta for
food and air coming from the mother’s body
system. It may also lead to premature
delivery of the baby because this condition
Placenta Previa
Gestational Diabetes
A condition wherein a mother who is not diabetic
acquires high level of blood glucose during
pregnancy. The insulin receptors of the cells do not
function properly due to the presence of human
placental lactogen. The insulin receptors bridge the
glucose molecules to enter the cells. Since the
insulin receptors do not function properly, most
glucose molecules remain in the blood resulting to a
high glucose level.
WHAT SHOULD BE OBSERVED AT
POST-PREGNANCY?
After giving birth, the mother should still be
careful of her body. A very huge amount of
support and love must also be given by
members of her family, especially her
husband. The delivery of the baby results in a
lot of hormonal activities inside the mother’s
body. It must be expected that the mother will
have so much adjustments with her body.
Post-partum Disorder
After childbirth, the mother would have mood
swings as a result of hormonal fluctuations or
hormonal changes. It happens 3 to 5 days
after delivery and it eventually normalizes as
the hormone levels become stable. This
mood swing is also known as post-partum
blues or “baby blues.”
Sepsis
A severe infection which results to fatal whole
body inflammation. It may lead to organ
dysfunction and may still continue even after the
infection is gone. It may be caused by bacteria,
viruses, fungi, and parasites in the blood or other
organs of the body. Sepsis may come from
unsanitary hospitals or from invasive devices like
intravenous catheters or breathing tubes. This can
be treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.
LESSON
2

MATERNAL
NUTRITION
WHY IS MATERNAL NUTRITION
IMPORTANT?
Proper nutrition allows the baby to grow and
develop normally in the mother’s womb or
uterus. It also keeps the mother healthy.
The nourishment that the mother gives to
her body is the same nourishment acquired
by the baby inside her. It is important that
the mother makes it to a point that she only
eats healthy food.
Food tips for the mother during
pregnancy:
1. Eat food from each of the food groups everyday
(vegetable, fruits, grains/cereals, proteins, milk/dairy
products.
2. Drink plenty of water.
3. Avoid caffeinated drinks like cola and coffee.
4. Eat small amounts of food high in fats, sugar, and
salt.
5. Eat food that is freshly prepared.
6. Eat a balanced diet.
7. Take multivitamins.
WHY IS PRENATAL CARE
IMPORTANT?
It is a care program that a pregnant
woman must undergo. A once-a-month
checkup for the first six months of
pregnancy must be done. It becomes
more frequent at the last trimester of
pregnancy. For the last month, the
mother should visit the doctor every
week until the day of childbirth.
Prenatal checkup is very important not only to
monitor the mother’s condition but also to watch
the health of the fetus.
The baby’s health is monitored by checking the
heartbeat, the size and positioning of the uterus
and fetus. Early detection of any abnormalities
will allow peoper and immediate treatment.
The health of the mother and baby is guaranteed
with proper prenatal care.
WHY IS POSTNATAL CARE
IMPORTANT?
The first six weeks after birth is very critical for
both the mother and the baby. Death and
disability may occur if enough care will not be
given to them.
Most postnatal deaths of the mother happen
during the first week or during the first 24 hours
after childbirth.
To be able to save mothers and babies, early
detection and treatment of complications after
 Danger Signs for the Danger Signs for the Baby
• ExcessiveMother
bleeding • Convulsions
• Foul smelling vaginal discharge • Movement only when stimulated
• Fever with or without chills or no movement even when
• Severe abdominal pain stimulated
• Excessive tiredness or • Not feeling well
breathlessness • Fast breathing, grunting or
• Swollen hands, face, and legs severe chest-in drawing
with sever headaches or • Fever
blurred vision • Low body temperature
• Painful, engorged breasts or • Very small baby
sore, cracked, bleeding nipples • Bleeding
LESSON
2

NEWBORN
SCREENING
After childbirth, in the first 2 or 3 days of life, a test for
the newborn shall be done to detect possible harmful
or deadly disorders.
It is done by getting a small blood sample from the
baby’s heel for testing.
Newborn screening allows the parents to know certain
conditions of their baby that may eventually cause
problems. Early detection and diagnosis prepare the
parents for the proper care and attention they should
give to their baby.
APGAR SCORING SYSTEM
Its name came from its developer in 1952,
Virginia Apgar, but later became an acronym
which means Appearance, Pulse, Grimace,
Activity, and Respiration.
The baby shall be scored twice using the APGAR
test at one time after birth and at five minutes
after birth. If it is needed, the baby shall be
scored for the third time at 10 minutes after
 APGAR 2 1 0
Normal color all over Normal color (but
Sign
Appearance (hands and feet are hands and feet are
Bluish-gray or
(skin color) pink) bluish) pale all over
pulse Normal (above
Below 100 bpm Absent (no
(heart rate) 100 bpm)
pulse)
Pulls away, sneezes, Facial movement only
grimace Absent (no
coughs, or cries with (grimace) with
(“reflex response to
stimulation stimulation
irritability) stimulation)
Activity Active, Arms and legs No movement,
(muscle tone) spontaneous flexed with little “floppy” tone
movement movement
Respiration Normal rate and Slow or irregular Absent (no
(breathing rate & effort, good cry breathing, weak breathing)
effort) cry
ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE OR UNANG
YAKAP
In the Philippines, the Department of Health
under Administrative Order 2009-0025 has
implemented the ENC Protocol, which is a
step-by-step guide for health workers and
medical practitioners. They should follow the
protocol after childbirth.
ESSENTIAL NEWBORN CARE OR UNANG
YAKAP
Immediate drying
Proper cord clamping & cutting
Uninterrupted skin-to-skin contact
Non-separation of the newborn from
the mother for early breastfeeding
initiation and rooming-in
BREASTFEEDING
• Allows the babies to be protected from infections,
allergies, and from a number of chronic
conditions.
• Aims to allow the baby to get the substance
colostrum from the mother’s milk which will be
the source of antibodies and protection of the
baby.
BREAST MILK AS FOOD
It contains many of the valuable nutrients a
baby needs to grow and gain weight, all in a
properly balanced form for a baby.
The main ingredients in human milk are sugar
(lactose), easy-to-digest protein (whey and
casein), and digestible fatty acids.
BREAST MILK AND PROTECTION AGAINST DISEASES

The first 3-4 days after delivery, a woman

secretes colostrum, an antibody-rich yellow
fluid that precedes milk production.
Colostrum, passes the mother’s antibodies,
substances that protect against infection,
onto the breastfed baby.
PRACTICAL BENEFITS
Breastfeeding is very inexpensive. Most
women are encouraged to increase their
caloric intake by 500 calories while lactating,
which costs only about 1/3 of the price of
commercial milk formula. Breast milk is very
accessible-available anytime, anywhere.
PSYCHOLOGICAL & EMOTIONAL BENEFITS

Breastfeeding promotes emotional bonding

between mother and baby and makes the
baby feel more secured. Many women
report that nursing helps them feel closer
to their baby and more able to protect and
care for their child.
CONTRACEPTION
Constant and continuous
breastfeeding is a natural
contraceptive for up to 6 months
after childbirth. Breastfeeding
suppresses ovulation and
 WHY IS IMMUNIZATION
IMPORTANT IN PROTECTING
CHILDREN’S HEALTH?
As the baby grows, he/she needs
continued protection from infections
and diseases. This is done through
immunization. Vaccines are injected
and stimulate the immune system of
the child.
LESSON
2

RESPONSIBLE
PARENTHOOD
What makes a good and responsible
family are equally good and
responsible parents. This means that
young members of the family should
have the guidance of good mature
members of the family.
 WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF PARENTS IN CHILD REARING
AND CARE?
FATHER
• The head or leader of the family and his authority is
respected by his wife and children.
• Sets rules for all the members of the family to observe
and to maintain order, discipline, and harmony.
• Breadwinner or provider of the needs of his family.
Thus, it’s his main duty to earn a living to support the
necessities of his wife and children.
• Should be an active helper to his wife in rearing the
MOTHER
• The heart/light of the family. In the absence of the father,
the mother rules in the home.
• Holds the family together by managing the household and
guiding the lives of its members.
• The primary in-charge of taking care of the children. Tends
to the needs of her children.
• Makes sure that the family guidelines and decisions are
observed.
• Teaches, supervises, and disciplines the children whenever
BOTH PARENTS
• Taking care of and rearing the children
• Protecting their children’s welfare
• Teaching values and good examples to the
children
• Guidance and support
• Discipline and regulation
 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF
FAMILY SIZE ON FAMILY HEALTH?
More members in the family would mean more needs
to address.
A bigger family size would mean lesser capacity for
the parents to provide good nutrition especially if the
income is not enough for the family.
It is very important for the couple to have a definite
family planning method. Proper spacing and enough
number of children are crucial factors in having a
healthy family.
 WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF
RAPID POPULATION GROWTH?
Since the world population grows rapidly and there is
no increase of space on earth, it affects the carrying
capacity between the environment and the individual.
Having a small size number of children can improve
the quality of living of the family. The parents can
sustain the needs of their children financially,
physically, and mentally. The parents can also give
more attention and supervision to their children.
WHAT ARE THE MODERN FAMILY
PLANNING METHODS?
According to the DOH, family planning is
having the desired number of children and
when you want to have them by using safe
and effective modern methods.
Proper birth spacing is having children 3 to 5
years apart, which is best for the health of the
mother, her child and the family.
Natural Family Planning Method
Artificial Family Planning Method
• Patch • IUS
• Cervical Cap • Male Condom
Male Condom • Diaphragm
• Diaphragm • Spermicides
• Injectable • Female Condom
• Vaginal Ring
• Pills
• IUD
THANK YOU
Arianne Belle D. Buendia
BSED-SCIENCE