8. IICT_Database SQL

Databases, DBMS and SQL
IICT Lecture 08
What is a Database?
• An organized collection of Data

• A comprehensive collection of related data
organized for convenient access, generally in a
computer
Database Model
• Database model defines the logical design of

data.
• Database model describes the relation between
different parts of data.
• There are three database models:
1. Hierarchical Model
2. Network Model
3. Relational Model
Hierarchical model
• Data are organized in an upside down tree

• Each entity has one parent and many children
• Old and not used now
Network model
• Entities are organized in a graph

• Entities can be accessed through several paths
• Old and not used
Relational model
• Data are organized in two dimensional tables (relations)

• Tables re related to each other
• Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) are
more common model used today
Relation (Name, Attributes, Tuples)
• Attributes are the column
heading
• Each column must have a • Tuple is a collection
unique heading of attribute value
• Number of columns is • Total number of rows
called the degree of the is called Cardinality
relation of the relation
• Each relation must have

a unique name
Name
• Relation appears in 2 dimensional table

• That doesn’t mean data stored as table; the physical
storage of data is independent of the logical organization
of data
OPERATIONS
ON
RELATIONS
Insert operation
• Unary operation
• Insert Operation: Inserts new tuple into the relation
Delete operation
• Unary operation
• Delete Operation: Deletes tuple from the relation
Update operation
• Unary operation
• Update Operation: Changes the values of some attributes
of a tuple
Select operation
• Unary operation
• Select Operation: Uses some criteria to select
some tuples from the original relation
Project operation
• Unary operation
• Project Operation: Creates relation in
which each tuple has fewer attributes
Join operation
• Binary operation
• Join Operation: Takes two relation and combine them
based on common attribute
Union operation
• Union Operation: Creates new relation in which each
tuple is either in the first relation, the second relation or
in both
Intersection operation
• Intersection Operation: Creates new relation in
which each tuple is in both relations.
Difference operation
• Binary Operation
• Difference Operation: Creates new relation where the
new tuples are in the first relation but not in the
second.
Database Management System
• A database management system (DBMS) is
system software for creating and managing
Database.
• The DBMS provides users and programmers
with a systematic way to create, retrieve,
update and manage data.
• DBMS allow all the operations on database
discussed in previous slides
• Inserte, Delete, retrieve, Union, Join etc…
STRUCTURED
QUERY
LANGUAGE
SQL
• SQL is the standard language used for

relational databases.
• It is declarative language where users declare
what they want without having to write a step
by stem procedure.
• It was first implemented by Oracle
Corporation
1. Insert
• SQL Insert Operation format
insert into RELATION-NAME

values (…, …, …)
Insert (Example)
insert into COURSES

values (“CIS52”, “TCP/IP Protocols”, 6)
2. Delete
• SQL Delete Operation format
delete from RELATION-NAME

where criteria
Delete (Example)
Delete from COURSES

where No = “CIS19”
3. Update
• SQL Update Operation format
update RELATION-NAME
set attribute1 = value1 attribute 2 = value2 …
where criteria
Update (Example)
update COURSES
set unit = 6
where No = “CIS51”
4. Select
• SQL Select Operation format
select *
from RELATION-NAME
where criteria
Select (Example)
select *
from COURSES
where Unit = 5
5. Project
• SQL Project Operation format
select attribute-list
from RELATION-NAME
Project (Example)
select No, Unit

from COURSES
6. Join
• SQL Join Operation format
select attribute-list
from RELATION NO1, RELATION NO2
where criteria
Join (Example)
select No, Course-Name, Unit, Professor

from COURSES, TAUGHT-BY
where COURSES.No = TAUGHT-BY.No;
7. Union
• SQL Union Operation format
select *
from RELATION NO1
union
select *
from RELATION NO2
Union (Example)
select *
from CIS15-Roster
union
select *
from CIS52-Roster;
8. Intersection
• SQL Intersection Operation format
select *
from RELATION NO1
intersection
select *
from RELATION NO2
Intersection (Example)
select *
from CIS15-Roster
intersection
select *
from CIS52-Roster;
9. Difference
• SQL Difference Operation format
select *
from RELATION NO1
minus
select *
from RELATION NO2
Difference(Example)
select *
from CIS15-Roster
minus
select *
from CIS52-Roster;
The levels of Data
Database One or more tables
Table A collection of Records
(relation)
Record A group of related fields
Field One or more character
Character At least 8 bits
Bit 0 or 1
5 characteristics of Good Database
Data Integrity Ensuring data is valid
Data Independence Data is separated from software
Avoiding data Repetition of input data is avoided
Redundancy
Data Security Data is not accessible to unauthorized
users
Data Maintenance Set procedures for adding ,deleting …
records for the purpose of optimization
Tutorial on MS Access 2013
• https://www.quackit.com/microsoft_access/
microsoft_access_2013/tutorial/

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Databases, DBMS and SQL

• An organized collection of Data

• Database model defines the logical design of

• Data are organized in an upside down tree

• Entities are organized in a graph

• Data are organized in two dimensional tables (relations)

• Each relation must have

• Relation appears in 2 dimensional table

• SQL is the standard language used for

insert into RELATION-NAME

insert into COURSES

delete from RELATION-NAME

Delete from COURSES

select No, Unit

select No, Course-Name, Unit, Professor

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