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Internal CPU Interconnection

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68 views9 pages

Internal CPU Interconnection

Uploaded by

barlcarl59
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Internal CPU

Interconnection
INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS

A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has


computing and decision making capabilities similar to the central
processing unit of a computer. Any microprocessor - based systems
having a limited number of resources are called microcomputers.
These three components work together to perform a given
task: thus, they comprise a system. The machine (system)
represented in the figure above can be programmed to do
different kinds of functions, such as turn traffic lights on
and off, compute mathematical functions, or keep track of
a guidance system. This system may be simple or
sophisticated, depending on its applications. When the
microprocessor system is used for control applications
such as turning devices (or machines) on or off, it is
generally known as a microcontroller. When it is used for
computing or data processing, it is known as a
microcomputer
BINARY DIGITS
The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1, also
known as bits. Bit is an abbreviation for the term binary digit. These
digits are represented in terms of electrical voltages in the machine.
A MICROPROCESSOR AS A PROGRAMMABLE DEVICE
The microprocessor's programmability means that it can be
programmed to do certain tasks within its capabilities. A toaster is an
example of a simple programmable device. It can be configured to stay
on for a specific amount of time by shifting a mechanical lever to "light"
or "dark" mode. The toaster is meant to interpret and carry out a single
instruction. In contrast, today's microprocessor is intended to
understand and execute a large number of binary instructions. It can be
used for both advanced computer capabilities and simple control tasks
like turning things on and off. The user of a microprocessor picks
relevant instructions and directs the microprocessor to do various tasks
on a given piece of data.
MICROPROCESSOR AS A CPU

The block diagram shows that the computer has four components:
Memory, Input, Output, and the central processing unit (CPU), which consists
of the ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) and Control Unit. The CPU contains various
registers to store data, the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) to perform arithmetic and
logical operations, instruction decoders, counters, and control lines. The CPU
reads instructions from the memory and performs the tasks specified. It
communicates with input/output devices either to accept or to send data.
These devices are also known as peripherals. The CPU is the primary and
central player in communicating with such devices as memory, input, and
output. However, the timing of the communication process is controlled by the
group of circuits called the control unit.
MICROCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Arithmetic/Logic Unit. This is the area of the microprocessor where various


computing functions are performed on data. The ALU unit performs such
arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction, and such logic operations as
AND, OR, and exclusive OR. Results are stored either in registers or in memory.

Register Array. This area of the microprocessor consists of various registers. These registers
are primarily used to store data temporarily during the execution of a program. Some of the
registers are accessible to the user through instructions.

Control Unit. The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to all the
operations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the micropro- cessor
and memory and peripherals.

Input. The input section transfers data and instructions in binary from the outside world to the
microprocessor. It includes such devices as a keyboard, a teletype, and an analog-to- digital
converter.
Output. The output section transfers data from the microprocessor to such
output devices as light emitting diodes (LEDs), a cathode-ray tube (CRT), a
printer, a magnetic tape, or another computer. Typically, single-board computers
include LEDs and seven-segment LEDs as output devices.

Memory. stores such binary information as instructions and data, and provides
that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary. To execute
programs, the micropro- cessor reads instructions and data from memory and
performs the computing operations in its ALU section. Results are either
transferred to the output section for display or stored in memory for later use.
The memory block has two sections: Read-Only Memory (ROM) and
Read/Write Memory (R/WM), popularly known as Random Access Memory
(RAM).
The ROM is used to store programs that do not need alterations. The monitor pro- gram of a
single-board microcomputer is generally stored in the ROM. This program interprets the
information entered through a keyboard and provides equivalent binary digits to the
microprocessor. Programs stored in the ROM can only be read; they cannot be altered.

The Read/Write Memory (R/WM) is also known as user memory. It is used to store user
programs and data. In single-board microcomputers, the monitor program monitors the Hex
keys and stores those instructions and data in the R/W memory. The information stored in
this memory can be easily read and altered.

System Bus. is a communication path between the microprocessor and peripherals; it is


nothing but a group of wires to carry bits. In fact, there are several buses in the system. All
peripherals (and memory) share the same bus; however, the microprocessor communicates
with only one peripheral at a time; the timing is provided by the control unit of the
microprocessor.

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