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Q2 LOGIC Lecture

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13 views35 pages

Q2 LOGIC Lecture

Uploaded by

shayihwjhwhwhq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC

After going through this module, you are


expected to;
1.Illustrate a propositions
2.Symbolize propositions
3.Distinguish between simple and compound
propositions.
Definition
The study of logic is the study of the
methods and principles used in distinguishing
correct(good) from incorrect(bad) arguments.
Logic has frequently been defined as the
science of reasoning. Reasoning is that
special kind of thinking called inferring, in
which conclusions are drawn from the
premises.
A proposition is a declarative
sentence that is either true or false,
but not both. If a proposition is true,
then its truth value is true which is
denoted by T; otherwise, its truth
value is false and it is denoted by F.
Let us consider the statement’
p: Everyone should study logic.
p is the proposition
“Everyone should study logic”.
Example 1
Determine whether each of the following
statements is a proposition or not. If a
proposition, give its truth value.
p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
Ans. This is a declarative sentence, and
Minadao is an island in the Philippines. Hence,
p is a true proposition.

q: Find a number which divides your age.


Ans. This is an imperative sentence, and so
it is not a proposition.
r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in the logic
exam.
Ans. The statement is declarative sentence.
Hence, r is a proposition
S: Welcome to the Philippines!
Ans. Statement s is an exclamatory sentence,
and so it is not a proposition.
t: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
Ans. Declarative sentence. Hence, it is a true
proposition.
Definition
A compound proposition is a proposition formed
from simpler propositions using logical connectors or
some combination of logical connectors. Some
logical connectors involving propositions p and/or q
may be expressed as follows:
not p
p and q
p or q
If p then q
A proposition is simple if it cannot be broken
down any further into other component
propositions.
Example 2.
For each of the proposition in Example 1,
determine whether it is a simple or
compound proposition.
p: Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.
Solution. Simple proposition
r: My seatmate will get a perfect score in
the logic exam.
Solution. Simple proposition
t: Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is
boring.
Solution. Compound proposition
v: If you study hard, then you will get good
grades.
Solution. Compound proposition
Practice Exercise
Determine whether each of the following
statements is a proposition or not . If a
proposition, give its truth value.

1. Mabuhay!
Ans. Not a proposition
2. Jose Rizal is our National Hero.
Ans. Proposition
3. Who is the first president of the republic?
Ans. Not a proposition
4. Ferdinand Magellan did not arrive the
Philippines in 1521.
Ans. Proposition
5. 2.5 is an integer.
Ans. Proposition
6. Our logic teacher is either pretty or handsome.
Ans. Proposition
Logical Operators
Given a proposition, the truth table shows all
its possible truth values.
p q
p
T T
T T F
F F T
For proposition p F F
For proposition p and q.
p q r For propositions p, q
T T T and r.
T T F The truth table
T F T involving n proposition
T F F has 2 rows
n
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
Definition
The negation of a proposition p is denoted
by (read as “not” p). The truth table is,
P
T F
F T
When p is true, its negation is is false.
When p is false, its negation is is true
Example 1.
a.) 2 is an odd number.
Ans. “It is not true that 2 is an odd
number” or “2 is an even number”.
b.) The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
Ans. The tinikling is not the most difficult
dance.
c.) Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Ans. Not everyone in Visayas speaks
Cebuano.
Definition
The conditional of propositions p
and q is denoted by
(If p, then q)
p q pq read as
T T T “p implies q”
T F F
F T T
F F T
Example 1.
Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11
student. Consider the following
conditionals.
P1: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then
she is a senior high school student.
P1: If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is
a senior high school student.
Solution.
Geebee is in Grade 11 and Geebee is a
senior high school student are both true.
Since the hypothesis and conclusion are
both true, then p1 is true, as the first row
of truth table asserts.
Example 2.
Determine the truth values of the
following propositions.
a) If 2 > 0, then there are more than
100 million Filipinos.
Solution.
The hypothesis and conclusion are
both true. Hence the conditional is true.
b) If 2 > 0, then there are only 5
languages spoken in the Philippines
Solution.
The hypothesis is true but the
conclusion is wrong because there are
more than 5 languages in the
Philippines. Thus, the conditional is
false.
Definition
The biconditional of propositions p
and q is denoted by
( p, iff q)
p q pq read as
T T T “p if and
T F F only if q”
F T F
F F T
Example 3.
Suppose that Geebee is a Grade 11
student. Consider the following
biconditionals.
P1: Geebee is in Grade 11, if and
only if she is a senior high school
student.
P1: Geebee is in Grade 11, if and only
if she is a senior high school student.
Solution.
Again, both simple components of p1
are true. Hence, the biconditional is
true according to the first row of the
truth table.
Definition
Given propositions p and q. There
are three propositions that we can
derive from conditional , namely
a) Converse:
b) Contrapositive: p
c) Inverse:
Example 4.
Consider the following true conditional:
: “ If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she
is a senior high school student”.
State its (a) converse, (b)
contrapositive, and (c) inverse and
determine whether each statement is
also true.
Solution.
(a) Converse
: “If Geebee is a senior high school
student, then she is in Grade 11.
(b) Contrapositive
q: “If Geebee is not a senior high school
student, then she is not in Grade 11.
(c) Inverse
: “If Geebee is not not in Grade 11,
then she is not a senior high school
student”.
This is not necessarily true, because
she may be in Grade 10, which is not
part of senior high school.
Definition
Tautology – a proposition that is
always true.
Contradiction – a proposition that is
always false.
Contingent – a statement is neither
a tautology or a contradictory.
Examples
Show that the following are tautology,
contradictory and contingent statements.

1. ( q) (q p)
Solution.
1.

T F T
F T T

Therefore, is tautology
Solution.
2.

T F F
F T F

Therefore, is contradiction
Solution.
3.

T F F
F T T

Therefore, is contingency
Solution.
4. ( q) (q p)
p q q q p ( q) (q p)
T T F F T F
T F F F T F
F T T T F F
F F T F T F

( q) (q p) is a contradiction
Practice Exercise
Let p and q be propositions. Using truth
tables, show the following:
1. q is a tautology
2. q is a contradiction
3. p (p q) is a tautology
4. (p (p ) is a contradiction

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