Motion in One Dimension

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Welcome!!
 Table of Contents
 Position and Displacement
 Velocity
 Speed
 Acceleration
Motion with Constant Acceleration
 The Big Idea
Displacement is
a change of position
in a certain direction,
not
the total distance traveled
 One-Dimensional Motion
• The simplest kind of motion

• Things can move forward and backward,

but not left and right
 Displacement
• When things start moving, the length of a straight line drawn from
the object’s initial position to it’s final position is it’s displacement
• In one dimension…

x  x f  xi

Change in position along x-axis = (final position on x-axis) – (initial position on x-axis)
 Keep in mind…
• Displacement is not always equal to the
distance traveled!

• Displacement can be positive or negative!

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE QUANTITIES

ARE JUST DIRECTIONS

IN MOTION PROBLEMS!
 Average Velocity
• Average velocity is the total displacement divided by the time
interval during which the displacement occurred.

x x f  xi
vavg  
t t f  ti

change in position displacement

average velocity = =
change in time time interval
 Velocity and Speed
• Velocity describes motion with both a direction and a numerical
value (a magnitude).

• Speed has no direction, only magnitude.

• Average speed is equal to the total distance traveled divided by

the time interval.
 Velocity and Speed
change in position displacement
average velocity = =
change in time time interval

distance traveled
average speed =
time of travel

+’s and –’s are Directional!

 Acceleration is
• “rate of change of velocity with respect to time”
– How much does your velocity change, and how fast does this
happen?
 Dimensions of a
• Work it out from the formula…
• a is measured in m/s2
 Practice Problems
1. With an average acceleration of -1.2 m/s2, how long will it take
a cyclist to bring a bicycle with an initial speed of 6.5 m/s to a
complete stop?
 A: 5.4 s
2. Suppose an object has an average acceleration of 4.7 m/s2.
a. How much does its speed change after 2.0 min?
b. If the tobject’s initial speed is 16 m/s, what will its final speed be?
 564 m/s and 580 m/s
 Just like Velocity
• Acceleration is a vector quantity
– Has both a magnitude (speed) AND direction

• Can be positive or negative

– JUST DIRECTIONAL!!!
Graphs can tell us things
Relating the two…
 Acceleration and Velocity, 1
• When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the same
direction, the object is speeding up
• When an object’s velocity and acceleration are in the opposite
direction, the object is slowing down
 Acceleration and Velocity, 2

• Images are equally spaced. The car is moving with constant positive
velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same size)
• Acceleration equals zero
 Acceleration and Velocity, 3

• Images become farther apart as time increases

• Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
• Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same length)
• Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
• This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity
 Acceleration and Velocity, 4

• Images become closer together as time increases

• Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions
• Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same length)
• Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
• Positive velocity and negative acceleration
 Acceleration and Velocity, final
• In all the previous cases, the acceleration was constant
– Shown by the violet arrows all maintaining the same length
• The diagrams represent motion of a particle under constant
acceleration
• A particle under constant acceleration is another useful analy-
sis model
 Graphical Representations of Motion
• Observe the graphs of the car under various conditions
• Note the relationships among the graphs
– Set various initial velocities, positions and accelerations
Motion Equations – summary
 Motion Equations
• The kinematic equations can be used with any particle under
uniform acceleration.
• The kinematic equations may be used to solve any problem
involving one-dimensional motion with a constant acceleration
• You may need to use two of the equations to solve one problem
• Many times there is more than one way to solve a problem
 Kinematic Equations, specific
v xf v xi  ax t
• For constant a,
• Can determine an object’s velocity at any time t when we know its
initial velocity and its acceleration
– Assumes ti = 0 and tf = t
• Does not give any information about displacement
 Kinematic Equations, specific
• For constant acceleration,
v xi  v xf
v x ,avg 
2
• The average velocity can be expressed as the arithmetic mean
of the initial and final velocities
Kinematic Equations, specific
• For constant acceleration,
1
xf  xi  v x ,avg t  xi  v xi  v fx t
2
• This gives you the position of the particle in terms of time and
velocities
• Doesn’t give you the acceleration
Kinematic Equations, specific
• For constant acceleration,
1
x f  x i  v xi t  a x t 2
2
• Gives final position in terms of velocity and acceleration
• Doesn’t tell you about final velocity
Kinematic Equations, specific
• For constant a,
v xf2 v xi2  2ax  xf  xi 
• Gives final velocity in terms of acceleration and displacement
• Does not give any information about the time
 Freely Falling Objects
• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the
influence of gravity alone.
• It does not depend upon the initial motion of the object
– Dropped – released from rest
– Thrown downward
– Thrown upward
Free Fall and the Acceleration due to Gravity

• Free-falling objects speed up, or accelerate, as

they fall.
• The acceleration of 9.8 m/s2 is given its own
name and symbol—acceleration due to gravity
(g).
• The rate of falling increases by 9.8 m/s every
second.
• Height = ½ gt2
 Free fall with initial velocity
• The motion of an object in free fall is described by the
equations for speed and position with constant accelera-
tion.
• The acceleration (a) is replaced by the acceleration due to
gravity (g) and the variable (x) is replaced by (y).
 4.3 Free fall with initial velocity
• When the initial speed is upward, at first the
acceleration due to gravity causes the speed
to decrease.
• After reaching the highest point, its speed
increases exactly as if it were dropped from
the highest point with zero initial speed.
 Problems
• 1. A runner makes one lap around a 200m track in a time of 25s.
What were the runner’s
(a) average speed and (b) average velocity?

• 2. An object starts from rest with constant acceleration 8m/s2 along

a straight line. Find (a) the speed at the end of 5s (b) the average
speed for the 5s interval and (c) the distance traveled in the 5s.
 Problems
• 3. A boll is dropped from rest at a height of 50m above the ground .
(a) What is its speed just before it hits the ground (b) How long

does it take to reach the ground?

• 4. A truck’s speed increases uniformly from 15km/h to 60km/h in

20s. Determine (a) the average speed, (b) the acceleration and
(c) the distance traveled, all in units of meter and second .
Laws Of Motion
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Now that we have learned how to describe motion, how
do we cause the motion that we want?
We apply forces on an object!
But what do forces directly affect:
location? velocity? acceleration? Newton answered
these questions by postulating three laws of motion.
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an ob-
ject at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.
2. Force equals mass times acceleration (F = ma).
3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reac-
tion.
 Newton’s First Law

An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an ob-

ject in motion tends to stay in motion unless
acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 What does this mean?
Basically, an object will “keep doing what it was doing”
unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

If the object was sitting still, it will remain stationary. If

it was moving at a constant velocity, it will keep mov-
ing.

It takes force to change the motion of an object.

 What is meant by unbalanced force?

If the forces on an object are equal and opposite, they are said to
be balanced, and the object experiences no change in motion. If
they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are unbalanced
and the motion of the object changes.
 Some Examples from Real Life
A soccer ball is sitting at rest. It takes an
unbalanced force of a kick to change its mo-
tion.

Two teams are playing tug of war. They are both exerting equal
force on the rope in opposite directions. This balanced force re-
sults in no change of motion.
 Newton’s First Law is also called the Law of Iner-
tia
Inertia: the tendency of an object to re-
sist changes in its state of motion

The First Law states that all objects have inertia. The more mass
an object has, the more inertia it has (and the harder it is to
change its motion).
 More Examples from Real Life
A powerful locomotive begins to pull a long
line of boxcars that were sitting at rest.
Since the boxcars are so massive, they have
a great deal of inertia and it takes a large
force to change their motion. Once they
are moving, it takes a large force to stop
them.
On your way to school, a bug flies
into your windshield. Since the bug
is so small, it has very little inertia
and exerts a very small force on
your car (so small that you don’t
even feel it).
Mass
Inertia is the apparent resistance
an object offers to any change in
its state of rest or motion.
 Newton’s Second Law

Force equals mass times acceleration.

F = ma

Acceleration: a measurement of how quickly an

object is changing speed.
 What does F = ma mean?
Force is directly proportional to mass and acceleration. Imagine a ball of a
certain mass moving at a certain acceleration. This ball has a certain
force.

Now imagine we make the ball twice as big (double the

mass) but keep the acceleration constant. F = ma
says that this new ball has twice the force of the old
ball.
Now imagine the original ball moving at twice the orig-
inal acceleration. F = ma says that the ball will again
have twice the force of the ball at the original accel-
eration.
 More about F = ma
If you double the mass, you double the force. If you double the accelera-
tion, you double the force.

What if you double the mass and the acceleration?

(2m)(2a) = 4F

Doubling the mass and the acceleration quadruples the force.

So . . . what if you decrease the mass by half? How much force would the
object have now?
 What does F = ma say?
F = ma basically means that the force of an object comes
from its mass and its acceleration.
Something very massive (high mass) that’s
changing speed very slowly (low accelera-
tion), like a glacier, can still have great
force.
Something very small (low mass) that’s chang-
ing speed very quickly (high acceleration), like
a bullet, can still have a great force. Some-
thing very small changing speed very slowly
will have a very weak force.
 Newton’s Third Law

For every action there is an equal and

opposite reaction.
 What does this mean?

For every force acting on an object, there is an equal force act-

ing in the opposite direction. Right now, gravity is pulling you
down in your seat, but Newton’s Third Law says your seat is
pushing up against you with equal force. This is why you are
not moving There is a balanced force acting on you– gravity
pulling down, your seat pushing up.
 Think about it . . .
What happens if you are standing on a skateboard
or a slippery floor and push against a wall? You
slide in the opposite direction (away from the wall),
because you pushed on the wall but the wall
pushed back on you with equal and opposite force.

Why does it hurt so much when you stub your toe?

When your toe exerts a force on a rock, the rock exerts
an equal force back on your toe. The harder you hit
your toe against it, the more force the rock exerts
back on your toe (and the more your toe hurts).
 In outer space, away from gravity and any sources of fric-
tion, a rocket ship launched with a certain speed and direc-
tion would keep going in that same direction and at that
same speed forever.
f = FN * µ
µ = f/FN
Circular Motion
Centripetal force is the inward force exerted on an object to
keep it moving in a curved path.
Centrifugal force is the outward force exerted on the object
that makes it want to fly off into space.
Circular Motion
Circular Motion
833 N is needed to make this turn.
If he goes too fast, which wheels are likely to come
off the ground first?
 Newton's Law of Gravity
According to Newton’s law of universal gravitation, every body in the
universe attracts every other body with a force that is directly proportional
to each of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. Gm m
Gravitational force F  1 2
2
R

G = 6.67 x 10-
11
N•m/kg2
 Problems
 1. A horizontal force 0f 140N is needed to pull a 600Ounces
box across the horizontal floor at constant speed. What is the
coefficient of friction between floor and box?

• 2. A 400g block with an initial velocity of 80cm/s slides along

a horizontal tabletop against a friction force of 0.70N. (a) How
far will it slide before stopping? (b) What is the coefficient of
friction between the block and the tabletop?
 Problems
• 3. A constant force acts on a 5lb object and reduces its velocity
from 75km/h to 35km/h in a time of 3s. Find the force.

• 4. An 8000pounds engine pulls a 40000pounds train along a

level track and gives it an acceleration a1 = 1.20m/s2. What
acceleration (a2) would the engine give to a 16000pounds train?
Thank you