Chapter-8

Safety and Health

Management

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 Introduction
• Everyone is obligated to know the safety standards
for their area or job, and just as important, to abide by
them.
• Supervisors must encourage a positive attitude and
safety awareness in their workers through personal
adherence, personal contact, training, and regularly
scheduled safety meetings.
• It is the duty of all employees to perform their work
with maximum regard for the safety of themselves
and co-workers.

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 Occupational Health and Safety Act
 The Wyoming Occupational Health and Safety Act became effective
January 1, 1974. It provides that every employer engaged in
business in the State of Wyoming shall:

A. Furnish to each employee a place of employment free from recognized

hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm.

B. Comply with occupational health and safety standards and rules,

regulations and orders pursuant to the act that are applicable to company
business and operations.

C. Comply with, and require all employees to comply with, occupational

health and safety standards and regulations under the act which are
applicable to their actions and situations.

D. Encourage employees to contact their immediate superior for information

that will help them understand their responsibilities under the act.
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 Health and Safety Responsibilities
Management Leadership
– Health and safety policy
– Health and safety’s line function
– Competent health and safety staff
– Managers’ health and safety rules
– Delegation of authority
– Health and safety resources
– Health and safety training
– Policies for health and safety performance
– Planning and evaluation of health and safety performance
– Employee involvement and participation in health and
safety issues

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Administration and Supervision
– Health and safety responsibilities
– Responsibilities are clearly communicated
– Accountability for safety and health
– Necessary knowledge, skills, and timely
information
– Policies promote the performance of
responsibilities

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Elements of an effective safety and
health program

1989 Voluntary Safety and Health

Program Management Guidelines

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 Effective Safety and Health Programs

• It has been found that effective management of

worker safety and health programs
– Reduces the extent and severity of work related
injuries and illnesses
– Improves employee morale and productivity
– Reduces workers’ compensation costs

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 Common characteristics of exemplary
workplaces
• Use of organized and systematic methods to:
– Assign responsibility to managers, supervisors, and
employees
– Inspect regularly for and control hazards
– Orient and train all employees to eliminate or avoid
hazards

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 The Guidelines - General
• Effective program
– Includes provisions for systematic identification,
evaluation and prevention or control of hazards
– Goes beyond specific requirements of the law to
address all hazards

• Written program
– As size and complexity of worksite or process
increases, so does need for written guidance
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 Major Elements
• An effective occupational safety and health
program will include the following four elements
1. Management commitment and employee
involvement
2. Worksite analysis
3. Hazard prevention and control
4. Safety and health training

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 Management Commitment and Employee
Involvement
• Management commitment and employee involvement
are complementary:
– Management commitment provides the motivating force
and resources for organizing and controlling activities
within an organization
– Employee involvement provides the means through
which workers develop and express their own
commitment to their protection

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Recommended Actions:
– State clearly a worksite safety and health policy
– Establish and communicate a clear goal and
objective for the safety and health program
– Provide visible top management involvement in
implementing the program
– Encourage employee involvement in the program
and in decisions that affect their safety and health
(e.g., inspection or hazard analysis teams;
developing or revising safe work rules; training
new hires or co-workers; assisting in accident
investigations)

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Recommended Actions:
– Assign and communicate responsibility for all aspects of
the program
– Provide adequate authority and resources to responsible
parties
– Hold managers, supervisors, and employees accountable
for meeting their responsibilities
– Review program operations at least annually, to evaluate,
identify deficiencies, and revise, as needed

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 Worksite Analysis
 Worksite analysis involves a variety of worksite
examinations, to identify not only existing
hazards, but also conditions and operations
where changes might occur to create hazards

 Effective management actively analyzes the

work and the worksite to anticipate and prevent
harmful occurrences

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Recommended Actions:
– Conduct comprehensive baseline and periodic
surveys for safety and health
– Analyze planned and new facilities, processes,
materials, and equipment
– Perform routine job hazard analyses
– Provide for regular site safety and health
inspections

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Con…
Recommended Actions:
• Provide a reliable system for employees, without fear of
reprisal, to notify management about apparent hazardous
conditions and to receive timely and appropriate responses
• Provide for investigation of accidents and “near miss”
incidents, so that their causes and means for prevention are
identified
• Analyze injury and illness trends over time, so that patterns
with common causes can be identified and prevented

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 Hazard Prevention and Control

• Triggered by a determination that a hazard or

potential hazard exists
• Where feasible, prevent hazards by effective design
of job or job site
• Where elimination is not feasible, control hazards to
prevent unsafe and unhealthful exposure
• Elimination or control must be accomplished in a
timely manner

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Recommended Actions:
• Establish procedures for timely correction or control
of hazards, including
– Engineering techniques, where feasible and appropriate

– Procedures for safe work which are understood and

followed as a result of training, positive reinforcement,
correction of unsafe performance, and enforcement
– Provision of personal protective equipment

– Administrative controls
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Con..
Recommended Actions:
• Provide for facility and equipment
maintenance
• Plan and prepare for emergencies
• Establish a medical program
– First aid on site
– Physician and emergency care nearby

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 Safety and Health Forklift
Safety

Training
• Addresses the safety and health responsibilities of all
personnel, whether salaried or hourly
• Most effective when incorporated into other training
about performance requirements and job practices
• Complexity depends on size and complexity of
worksite and nature of hazards

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Con..
Recommended Actions:
 Ensure that all employees understand the hazards to
which they may be exposed and how to prevent harm to
themselves and others from exposure to these hazards

 Ensure that supervisors carry out their safety and health

responsibilities, including
 Analyzing the work under their supervision to identify
unrecognized potential hazards
 Maintaining physical protections in work areas
 Reinforcing employee training through continual
performance feedback and, if needed, enforcement of safe
work practices
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Con…
Recommended Actions:
Ensure that managers understand their safety and health
responsibilities, as described under the Management
Commitment and Employee Involvement element of the
guidelines

A A Co
.
Safety
&
Health
Policy

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 Responsibilities of OSHA
• Implement safety and health programs
• Establish mandatory occupational and health
standards
• Enforce the standards in industry by conducting
inspections and assessing penalties for violations
• Define responsibilities and rights for employers
and employees
• Maintain a reporting system and database of
occupational injuries and illnesses
• Work with states on related programs
 Safety and Health Metrics
• Incidence rates - how many incidents of a certain kind
occurred during a given year

IR = 200,000 Nrc / Hje

where:
– Nrc = number of recordable cases during a given
period of interest,
– Hje = worker hours of job exposure during same
period, and 200,000 is for 100 employees working
2000 hr/yr
• Severity rates - tracks number of workdays lost due to
illness or injuries:
SR = 200,000 Nlwd / Hje
where :
• Nlwd = number of lost workdays during period of
interest
AS = Nlwd / Nrc

where AS = average severity

ADAW = Nlwd / Nclwd
Where:
• ADAW = average days away from work,
• Nclwd = number of cases involving lost workdays
Example:
• A company’s safety records contained the following
data:
– 932 workers each worked an average of 1934 hr
(job exposure hours)
– 43 nonfatal injury cases
– 17 of the 43 cases involved lost workdays
– 457 workdays lost
Determine: (a) Incidence rate, (b) severity rate, (c)
average severity, (d) average days away from work
Solution

Hje = 932(1934) = 1,802,488 hr

(a) Incidence rate IR = 200,000(43)/1,802,488
= 4.77 injuries per 100 workers
(b) Severity rate SR = 200,000(457)/1,802,488
= 50.7 lost workdays per 100 workers
(c) Average severity AS = 457/43 = 10.6 lost
workdays
(d) Average days away from work
ADAW = 457/17 = 26.9 lost workdays per
case involving lost workdays
 Reading assignment
• Waste material management
and treatment

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 End Of The Course.
WISH U A BRIGHT FUTURE!!!