Object Oriented

Programming-Java

Control structure,
Arrays and Strings
1
Control Structure:
Sequence
 Program executes sequentially line by line without
skipping starting from the top.
 e.g
public class A{
public static void main(String[] args){
int x;
x = 5;
int y;
y=12;
int z;
z = x + y;
System.out.println(x);
System.out.println(y);
System.out.println(z);
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}
}
 Control Structure:
Single Selection(if statement)
 syntax
If (conditional expression)
{
Statement;
}
 e.g
import java.util. Scanner;
public class A{
public static void main(String[] args){
Scanner x = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter marks”);
int n = x.nextInt();
if(n>= 40){
System.out.print(“PASS”);
}
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}
}
Control Structure:
double Selection (if-else
statement)
 To selectively execute statements depending
on some criteria

 if(conditional expression) {
statement(s)
} else {
statement(s)
}
4
Control Structure:
double Selection (if-else statem)
 e.g.
import java.util. Scanner;
public class A{
public static void main(String[] args){
Scanner x = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println(“Enter marks”);
int n = x.nextInt();
if(n>= 40){
System.out.println(“PASS”);
}
else
System.out.print(“FAIL”);

}
}

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Control Structure:
double Selection(if-else stat)
 Exercise
 Write a program to calculate the grade of a
student given the average
 Marks < 0 or Marks > 100 give Error Message
 0 <= Marks < 40 – Grade = C
 40 <= Marks < 70 – Grade = B
 70 <= Marks <= 100 – Grade = A

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 Control Structure:
double selection(if-else stat)
 Class Grade {
public static void main (String[] args){
int mark = 75;
if ( (mark<0) or (mark>100) ) {
System.out.println(‘Error’);
} else if (mark<40) {
System.out.println(‘C’);
} else if (mark<70) {
System.out.println(‘B’);
} else {
System.out.println(‘A’);
}
}
} 7
Control Structure:
multiple selection(switch stat)
 Evaluatesa variable and executes
statements according to it’s value

 switch (variable) {
case value1: statement(s);
break;
case valueN: statement(s);
break;
case default: statement(s);
break;
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}
Control Structure:
multiple selection(switch stat)
 Eg.
 switch (day) {
case 1: System.out.println(“Sunday”); break;
case 2: System.out.println(“Monday”); break;
case 3: System.out.println(“Tuesday”); break;
case 4: System.out.println(“Wednesday”);
break;
case 5: System.out.println(“Thursday”); break;
case 6: System.out.println(“Friday”); break;
case 7: System.out.println(“Saturday”); break;
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}
 Control Structure:
multiple selection(switch stat)
 e.g.
public class MyClass {

public static void main(String args[]){

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("enter the score");

int score = scan.nextInt();

//byte, short, int or char
switch(score){
case 90:
System.out.println("very good");
break;
case 60:
System.out.println("good");
break;
case 40:
System.out.println("ok");
break;
default:
System.out.println("value is not defineed");
break;
} 10

}
Control Structure:
multiple selection(switch stat)
 Write a method to output the following
 Grade = A – ‘Very Good’
 Grade = B – ‘Good’
 Grade = C – ‘Bad’

public void printResult(char grade) {

switch (grade) {
case ‘A’: System.out.println(“Very Good”); break;
case ‘B’: System.out.println(“Good”); break;
case ‘C’: System.out.println(“Bad”); break;
}
} 11
Control Structure:
repetition (For Statement)
 To repeat an operation several times

 for(initialization; termination;
increment) { statement(s)
}

 Eg
 for (int i=0; i<5; i++) {
System.out.println(“Iteration “ + i);
} 12
Control Structure:
repetition (For Statement)
 Write a method to calculate the factorial of a given
integer

public void factorial(int number) {

int result = 1;
for (int i=1; i<=number; i++) {
result = result * i;
}
}
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Control Structure:
repetition (While Statement)
 Continuously executes some statements
while a condition remain true

 while (Conditional Expression) {

statement(s)
}

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Control Structure:
repetition (While Statement)
 Eg.
 int x=0;
while (x<5) {
System.out.println(“Iteration ” + x);
x++;
}

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 Control Structure:
repetition (While Statement)
 Eg.
publicclassMyClass {

publicstaticvoid main(String[] args)

{
intx = 1;

while(x<= 10)
{
System.out.println(x);
x++;
}
}
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}
 Control Structure:
repetition (do-While Statement)
 do{
statement(s)
} while (conditional expression);

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Control Structure:
repetition (do-While Statement)
 int x=0;
do {
System.out.println(“Iteration ” + x);
x++;
} while (x<5);

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Control Structure:
Iterations
 It will be covered in Methods

19
Exercise

 Writea program to calculate the factorial of

a positive integer
 Using a While Loop
 Using a Do-While Loop

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Branching Statements
 break
 Used to terminate a switch statement or a loop

 Eg.
public class A{
public static void main(String[] args){
int x=0;
while (true) {
System.out.println(“Iteration” + x);
x++;
if (x==5) {
break;
} //end if
} //end while
} //end main
} //end class 21
Branching Statements
 continue
 Used to skip a part of an iteration in a loop
 Eg.
public class A{
public static void main(String[] args){
int x=0;
while (x<5) {
x++;
if (x==2) {
continue;
} //end if
System.out.println(“Iteration ” + x);
} //end while
} //end main 22

} //end class
Branching Statements
 return
 Used to come out of a method

 Eg.
public void method1() {
System.out.println(“Method 1”);
return;
}
public int method2() {
System.out.println(“Method 2”);
return 1;
}
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Nesting
 Task
 Find out about nested Selection Statements and
nested loops

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Arrays-Single Dimensional
A structure that holds multiple values of the
same type
 Single dimensional array has one row and n-

number of columns
 The length of an array is established when

the array is created (at runtime)

 After creation it is a fixed-length structure

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Arrays-Single Dimensional
 Array is declared and created
 Array is a no-primitive or reference data type
 The following declaration and array-creation expression
create an array object containing 12 int elements and store
the array’s reference in variable c, that reference point to 0
index of that array.
int c[] = new int[ 12 ];
 Other ways of declaring and creating an array
 double[] array1, array2;// declaration
 int[] arr = {13,10,11,21,16};
 int[] arr = new int[5];
 int[] arr = new int[]{13,10,11,21,16};
 int arr[] = {13,10,11,21,16};
 After creation receives a default value depending on 26

the data type

 Arrays-Single Dimentional
public class MyClass{
public static void main(String args[]){
int[] arr = new int[5];
//Inserting
arr[0] = 12;
arr[1] = 23;
arr[2] = 45;
arr[3] = 9;
arr[4] = 31;
//printing
System.out.println(arr[0]);
System.out.println(arr[1]);
System.out.println(arr[2]);
System.out.println(arr[3]);
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System.out.println(arr[3]); }}
 Arrays-Single Dimensional
 e.g
 public class ArrayDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] anArray; // declare an array of integers
anArray = new int[10]; // create an array of integers

// assign a value to each array element and print

for (int i = 0; i < anArray.length; i++) {
anArray[i] = i+10;
System.out.print(anArray[i] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
} 28

//you can also use enhanced for loop i.e for(int elem:anArray)
 Arrays-Single Dimentional
public class MyClass{
public static void main(String args[]){
int[] arr = {13,10,11,21,16};
int index = 0;
//System.out.println(arr[index]);
while(index< 5) {
System.out.println(arr[index]);
index++;
}
}
} 29
Arrays-Single Dimentional
 Array Initializing
 boolean[] answers = { true, false, true, true, false };

 Arrays of Objects
 String[] anArray = { "One", "Two", "Three" };
 MyClass[] mcArray = new MyClass[5]; // No
Items

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Arrays-Two Dimensional
 Arraysof Arrays, an array with multiple rows
and columns
 or 2D Arrays can be defined
 String[][] 2DArray = new String[3][4];

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Arrays-Two Dimensional
 int b[][]= { { 1, 2 }, { 3, 4 } };
 nested arrays form rows
 Number of elements in nested arrays form columns
 So 1 and 2 initialize b[ 0 ][ 0 ] and b[ 0 ][ 1 ],
respectively, and 3 and 4 initialize b[ 1 ][ 0 ] and b[ 1 ]
[ 1 ], respectively.
 int b[][] = new int[ 3 ][ 4 ];
 3 specifies number of rows
 4 specifies number of columns

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Arrays-Two Dimensional
e.g
Import java.util.Scanner;
public class Array{
public static void main( String args[] ){
int arr[][] = new int[3][4];
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
for(int row=0; row <arr.length; row++){
for(int col=0; col <arr[row].length; col++){
System.out.print("Enter an interger");
arr[row][col] = input.nextInt();
}
}
for(int row=0; row <arr.length; row++){
for(int col=0; col <arr[row].length; col++){
System.out.print(arr[row][col] );
} 33

System.out.print("\n");}}}
Exercise
 Using
single dimensional array and two
dimensional do the following tasks:
 Create and array of 100 integer elements
 Perform summation of all elements
 Perform average
 Perform sorting of elements in ascending order
 Perform sorting of elements in discending order

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Strings
 Next to numbers, strings are the most important
data type that most programs use
 A string is a sequence of characters, e.g., “Hello”
 In Java strings are enclosed in quotation marks,
which are not themselves part of the string
 You can declare variables that hold strings
String name = “John”
 Use assignment to place a different string into the
variable
name = “Godfrey”
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 String variables
 Next to numbers, strings are the most important
data type that most programs use
 A string is a sequence of characters, e.g., “Hello”
 In Java strings are enclosed in quotation marks,
which are not themselves part of the string
 You can declare variables that hold strings
String name = “John”
 Use assignment to place a different string into the
variable
name = “Godfrey”
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 String Data Type
 The number of characters in a string is called the length of
the string
 E.g., the length of “Hello, World” is 13.
 Compute the length of the string with the length method
int n = name.length();
 Unlike numbers, strings are objects.
 See that String is a class because it starts with an
uppercase letter
 The basic data types int and double start with a
lowercase letter
 Thus, can call methods on strings, e.g., name.length()
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 Substrings
 Can extract substrings, and can glue smaller strings together to
forma larger ones
 To extract substring, use the substring method:
s.substring(start, pastEnd)
 Returns a string that is made up from the characters in the string s,
starting at character start, and containing all characters up to, but
not including, the character pastEnd.
 E.g.,
String greeting = “Hello, World!”;
String sub = greetings.substring(0,4); //sub is “Hell”

H e l l o , W o r l d !
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
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 Substrings
 The position number of the last character (12 for the
string “Hello, World!”) is 1 less than the length of the
string
 E.g., to extract the substring “World”, count characters
starting at 0, not 1.
 Find that W, the 8th character, has position number 7.

 The first character that you don’t want, !, is the

character at position 12
 The appropriate substring command is:

String w = greeting.substring(7,12);

He l l o , W o r l d !
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 39
 Substrings
 Must specify the position of the first character that you do want
and then the first character that you don’t want
 One advantage to this setup is, can easily compute the length of
the substring: pastEnd - start
 If you omit the second parameter of the substring method, then all
characters from the starting position to the end of the string are
copied
 E.g.,
String tail = greeting.substring(7); //tail is “World!”
 Equivalent to
String tail = greeting.substring(7, greeting.length());

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 Concatenation
 Given two strings, such as “Snuffer” and “Dog-Dog”, you
can concatenate them to one long string:
String fname = “Snuffer”;
String lname = “Dog-Dog”;
String name = fname + lname;
The + operator concatenates two strings
 The resulting string is “SnufferDog-Dog”
 We would-like the first and last name separated by a
space.
String name = fname + “ “ + lname;
 Now we’ve concatenated three strings: “Snuffer”, “ “, and
“Dog-Dog”.
 The result is “Snuffer Dog-Dog” 41
 Concatenation
 If one of the expressions, either to the left or the right of a +
operator, is a string, then the other one is automatically
forced to become a string as well, and both strings are
concatenated
 E.g.,
String a = “Agent”;
int n = 7;
String bond = a + n;
 Since a is a string, n is converted from the integer 7 to the
string “7”.
 The two strings “Agent” and “7” are concatenated to form
the string “Agent7”
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 Concatenation
 Can reduce the number of System.out.print
instructions
 E.g.
System.out.print(“The total is”);
System.out.println(total);
 To the single call
System.out.println(“The total is “ + total);
 The concatenation “The total is “ + total computes a
single string that consists of the string “The total is “,
followed by the string equivalent of the number total.

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 toUpperCase, toLowerCase
 The toUpperCase and toLowerCase methods make strings
with only upper- or lowercase characters.
String greeting = “Hello”;
System.out.println(greetings.toUpperCase() + “ “ +
greetings.toLowerCase());
 Display HELLO hello
 The toUpperCase and toLowerCase do not change the original
String object greeting.
 They return new String objects that contain the uppercased and
lowercased versions of the original string
 No String methods modify the string object on which they
operate – called mutable objects.
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 Converting between Numbers
and Strings
 In general to convert a numbe to a string, yo can
conactenate with the empty string:
int age = 19;
String ageString = “” + age;
 Some programmers prefer to use the toString
methods of the Integer and Double classes,
because it is more explicit:
String ageString = Integer.toString(age);

45
 Converting between Numbers
and Strings
 To convert a string containing just digits to its integer value
use the static parseInt method of the Integer class.
String password = “hjh19”
String ageString = password.substring(3);
int age = ageString; // ERROR
int age = Integer.parseInt(ageString); // age is the
number 19
 To convert a string containing floating-point digits to its
floating-point value, use the static parseDouble method of
the Double class.

46
 Converting between Numbers
and Strings
String priceString = “$3.95”;
double price =
Double.parseDouble(priceString.substring(1));
// sip “$” and convert to a number
 The parseInteger and parseDouble methods are
useful for processing input

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publicclassMyClass{
publicstaticvoid main(String args[]){
String myString = "Hallow Java";
//Concatenation
String s = “s”;
String t = “top”;
String p = “s + t”;
int n = 1;
String x = “1”;
Int m = n+ n; ->2
String g = x+x; ->”11”
String f = n+s; ->”11”
String s = “”;//empty string,leght 0
String s = “ ”;//space character, legth 1
String j = “halloo”;
String r = j.substring(2,4);->”ll”
String r = j.substring(0,2);->”He”
String r = j.substring(2);->”llo!”
System.out.println(myString);
intmyStringLength = myString.length();
System.out.println(myStringLength);
String myStringLowCase = myString.toLowerCase();
System.out.println(myStringLowCase);
String myStringUpCase = myString.toUpperCase();
System.out.println(myStringUpCase);
String myStringReplacedA = myString.replace('a','e');
System.out.println(myStringReplacedA); 48
intmyStringIndices = myString.indexOf('J');