Scribd
Upload
14 views10 pages

Lecture 19 Network Layer Prtocols

Uploaded by

tusharsharma7018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views10 pages

Lecture 19 Network Layer Prtocols

Uploaded by

tusharsharma7018
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

BCA IVth Semester

Computer Communication
and Networks
Course Code: BCAC0011
Presented by: -
Mr Anuj Mangal
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of CEA
GLA University, Mathura
ARP

•ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.


•It is used to associate an IP address with the MAC address.
•Each device on the network is recognized by the MAC address
imprinted on the NIC. Therefore, we can say that devices need
the MAC address for communication on a local area network.
MAC address can be changed easily but IP address does not
change. ARP is used to find the MAC address of the node when
an internet address is known.
If the host wants to know the physical address of another host on
its network, then it sends an ARP query packet that includes the IP
address and broadcast it over the network. Every host on the
network receives the ARP packet, but only the intended recipient
recognizes the IP address and sends back the physical address. The
host holding the datagram adds the physical address to the cache
memory and to the datagram header, then sends back to the
sender.
RARP
RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
If the host wants to know its IP address, then it broadcast the RARP
query packet that contains its physical address to the entire
network. A RARP server on the network recognizes the RARP packet
and responds back with the host IP address.
The protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server is
known as Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.
The message format of the RARP protocol is similar to the ARP
protocol.
Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one machine to another
encapsulated in the data portion of a frame.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
•The ICMP is a network layer protocol used by hosts and routers to
send the notifications of IP datagram problems back to the sender.
•ICMP uses echo test/reply to check whether the destination is
reachable and responding.
•ICMP handles both control and error messages, but its main
function is to report the error but not to correct them.
•An IP datagram contains the addresses of both source and
destination, but it does not know the address of the previous router
through which it has been passed. Due to this reason, ICMP can only
send the messages to the source, but not to the immediate routers.
•ICMP messages are transmitted within IP datagram.
Five types of errors are handled by the ICMP protocol:
i) Destination unreachable: The message of "Destination Unreachable"
is sent from receiver to the sender when destination cannot be reached,
or packet is discarded when the destination is not reachable.
ii) Source Quench: The purpose of the source quench message is
congestion control. The message sent from the congested router to the
source host to reduce the transmission rate.
iii) Time Exceeded: Time Exceeded is also known as "Time-To-Live". It is
a parameter that defines how long a packet should live before it would
be discarded.
iv) Parameter problems: When a router or host discovers any missing
value in the IP datagram, the router discards the datagram, and the
"parameter problem" message is sent back to the source host.
v) Redirection: When the host sends the datagram to a wrong router.
The router that receives a datagram will forward a datagram to a correct
router and also sends the "Redirection message" to the host to update
its routing table.
IGMP (Internet Group Message Protocol)
The IP protocol supports two types of communication:
Unicasting: It is a communication between one sender and
one receiver. Therefore, we can say that it is one-to-one
communication.
Multicasting: Sometimes the sender wants to send the same
message to a large number of receivers simultaneously. This
process is known as multicasting which has one-to-many
communication.
The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to support
multicasting.
The IGMP protocol is used by the hosts and router to identify the
hosts in a LAN that are the members of a group.

You might also like