Number Systems

numerical representations
different bases (binary, octal, hexadecimal, BCD)
conversion between the different bases
Arithmetic

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 Data
Representation
• Many number systems are in use in digital
technology

• Most common are

– Decimal (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 9)
– Binary (0, 1)
– Octal (0, 1, 2, …, 7)
– Hexadecimal (0, 1, 2, …, A, B, …,E,F)
– BCD (a special case of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 9)

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 Understanding Decimal Numbers
• Decimal numbers are made of 10 digits or
numerals or symbols: (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
– Why do we use 10 digits, anyway?
– Latin word digit == finger

MSD
LSD
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
3 5 1 4 2 . 3 7

But how many items does a decimal number represent?

3 2 1 0
8653 = 8x10 + 6x10 + 5x10 + 3x10

What about fractions?

4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
97654.35 = 9x10 + 7x10 + 6x10 + 5x10 + 4x10 + 3x10 + 5x10
In formal notation -> (97654.35)10
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 Question
Express the decimal number 568.23 as a sum
of the values of each digit

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 Binary Numbers
•

5
 Question

• What is the largest decimal number that

can be represented in binary with 8 bits

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 Understanding Octal Numbers
• Octal numbers are made of octal digits:
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)
• How many items does an octal number
represent?
– (4536)8 = 4x83 + 5x82 + 3x81 + 6x80 = (1362)10

• What about fractions?

– (465.27)8 = 4x82 + 6x81 + 5x80 + 2x8-1 + 7x8-2

• Octal numbers don’t use digits 8 or 9

• Where can octal numbers find practical

applications?
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 Hexadecimal Numbers
• Hexadecimal numbers are made of 16 digits:
(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)

HEX BINARY HEX BINARY

0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 B 1011
3 0011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

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 Summary
• Decimal number, octal number does not lend itself
to convenient implementation in digital systems

• Difficult to design electronics systems with

10 different voltage levels each one
representing one decimal character (0-9)
• On the other hand using binary it becomes
easy to design simple , accurate electronic
circuits that operates with only two voltage
levels. 1 and 0
• For that matters almost all digital systems
use the binary number
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 Conversion Between Number Bases
 Learn to convert between bases.
 Decimal to any base
 Binary to decimal
 Hexadecimal to decimal
 Octal to decimal
 BCD
Octal( base 8)

Decimal (base 10) Binary (base 2)

Hexadecimal
(base16)
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Convert an Integer from Decimal to Another Base

For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

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 Convert an Integer from Decimal to Another Base

• Convert the following decimal numbers to

binary
a) 19
b) 45
c) 108
d) 72
e) 36

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Convert a Fraction from Decimal to Another Base

For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)
2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes
zero.
Example for (0.625)10:
Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.625 x 2 = 1 + 0.25 a -1 = 1
0.250 x 2 = 0 + 0.50 a -2 = 0
0.500 x 2 = 1 + 0 a -3 = 1

Answer (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 = (0.101)2

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 Binary Numbers--Base
2
• Computers represent all data as “strings of
bits”, each bit being either 0 or 1
• “base” 2, with 2 digits: 0 and 1
• e.g.
(101101.10)2 = 125 + 024 + 123 + 122
+ 021 + 120 + 12-1 + 02-2
(In decimal) = 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + ½ + 0
= (45.5)10
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 Binary Numbers--Base 2

• e.g.
(1001.011)2 = 123 + 022 + 021 + 120
+02-1 + 12-2 + 12-3

(In decimal) = 8 + 1 + 0.25 + 0.125

= (9.375)10

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 Binary to Decimal - Example

• ex) Convert 1011 to decimal

2 3 22 21 20 (weight)
1 0 1 1

= 1•(23)+ 0• (22)+1•(21)+1•(20)
= 1•(8)+ 0•(4)+1•(2)+1•(1)
= 8+0+2+1
= 11 Decimal
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The Growth of Binary Numbers

n 2n n 2n
0 20=1 8 28=256
1 21=2 9 29=512
2 22=4 10 210=1024
3 23=8 11 211=2048
4 24=16 12 212=4096 Mega
5 25=32 20 220=1M Giga
6 26=64 30 230=1G Tera
7 27=128 40 240=1T

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Convert an Integer from Decimal to Octal

For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (8)
2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (175)10:

Integer Remainder Coefficient
Quotient
175/8 = 21 + 7/8 a0 = 7
21/8 = 2 + 5/8 a1 = 5
2/8 = 0 + 2/8 a2 = 2

Answer (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)2 = (257)8

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 Convert a Fraction from Decimal to Octal

For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 8)
2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes zero.

Example for (0.3125)10:

Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.3125 x 8 = 2 + 5 a-1 =
2
0.5000 x 8 = 4 + 0 a-2 =
4 Answer (0.3125)10 = (0.24)8
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 Binary to Octal and Hexadecimal
• Basics
• Octal:
8 = 23  every 3 binary bits convert to 1
octal

• Hex:
16 = 24  every 4 binary bits convert to 1
hexadecimal

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 Binary to Octal Conversion
Standard Binary to Octal Conversion Table

Octal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Example:

(011 010 101 000 . 111 101 011 100)2

(3 2 5 0 . 7 5 3 4 )8

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Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
HEX BINARY HEX BINARY
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

Example
1D7F16 = (0001 1101 0111 1111)2
1 D 7 F

5AB216 = (0101 1010 1011 0010)2

5 A B 2
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 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
Standard Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion Table

Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

Hexa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Hexa 8 9 10(A) 11(B) 12(C) 13(D) 14(E) 15(F)

Example:
(1110 0011 0000 1100)2 = E30C16
E 3 0 C

1001 1000 1101 111116 = 98DF16

9 8 D F
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 Converting from Binary to Hexadecimal
• Every four bits makes one hexadecimal
digit
start grouping from right-hand side
Make each group into a hexadecimal digit
Example

011101010001111010011010111

3 A 8 F 4 D 7

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 Binary  Hex Conversions
Binary to Hexadecimal - Example

( 0110 1010 1000 . 1111 0101 1100 )2

( 6 A 8 . F 5 C )16

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 Hex to Binary Base Conversion
Hexadecimal to Binary - Example
• Each HEX digit is made up of four binary bits
ex) Convert ABC to binary

A B C
1010 1011 1100

 (ABC)16 (101010111100)2

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 Converting from Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Every hex digit position has a base value
– multiply the value at the position by the base value

8 4 D 7

(84D7)16 = 8x163+4x162+13x161+7x160
= 8x4096+4x256+13x16+7x1
= 32768+1024+208+7
= (34007)10

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 Octal
• Octal is simply “base 8” number representation

010011010111

2 3 2 7
Octal and Hex Practice
Hex (4 9 5)16

011010010101

Octal (3 2 2 5)8
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 Octal  Hex

Go through Binary!

Hex  Binary  Octal

Octal  Binary  Hex

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 Binary Coded Decimal (a.k.a. 8421 code)

• Sometimes we wish to represent an individual

decimal digit as a binary representation (i.e., 7-
segment display to eliminate a decoder)

• We do this by using 4 binary digits

Decimal BCD
0 0000
1 0001 ex) Represent (17)10
2 0010
3 0011 Binary = 10111
4 0100 BCD = 0001 0111
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001 30
 Binary Coded Decimal
Digit BCD Digit BCD
Code Code
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

• Binary coded decimal (BCD) represents each decimal digit with

four bits  Ex. 0011 0010 1001 = 32910

• This is NOT the same as 0011001010012

° 235810  00100011010110002
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Putting It All Together

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 BCD

° BCD not very efficient

° Used in early computers (40s, 50s)
° Used to encode numbers for seven-segment
displays.

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 Binary Arithmetic
Binary arithmetic is essential in all digital computers
and in many other types of digital systems

The four basic rules for adding binary digits

(bits) are as follows: -

0 + 0 = 0  Sum of 0 with a carry of 0

0 + 1 = 1  Sum of 1 with a carry of 0

1 + 0 = 1  Sum of 1 with a carry of 0

1 + 1 = 0  Sum of 0 with a carry of 1

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 Binary Arithmetic
• Base-2 addition
– just like base-10
-- add from right to left
-- propagating carry

carry
10010 10010 1111
+ 1001 + 1011 + 1
11011 11101 10000

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 Binary Subtraction

The four basic rules for

subtracting binary digits (bits) are as
follows

0-0=0
1-1 =1
1-0 =1
0 - 1 = 1 0-1 with a borrow -1

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 BINARY MULTIPLICATION

The four basic rules for

multiplying binary digits (bits) are
as follows: -

0 x 0 = 0

0 x 1 = 0

1 x 0 = 0

1 x 1 = 1
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 Question

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 Summar
y
• Binary numbers are made of binary digits
(bits)

• Binary and octal number systems

• Conversion between number systems

• Binary Addition, subtraction, and

multiplication
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