ACTIVITY

EXERCISE
PATTERN
Presented by: Ms. Asmat
Sara
OBJECTIVES
 Define activity and exercise.
 Identify the principles of gravity that affects balance.
 Discuss body mechanics.
 List principles of correct body mechanics.
 Identify factors affecting body alignment and activity.
 List benefits of activities/Exercise
 Verbalize effects of immobility.
 Verbalize measures used to prevent complications of immobility.
MUSCULAR SKELETAL SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
The musculoskeletal is refer to co-relation b/w
skeletal & muscles, and their anatomy physiology.
The muscular skeletal foundation based on:
 Bones
 Joints
 Muscles
 Ligament
 Tendon
 TYPE OF MUSCLES
 Skeletal muscles (over the skeletal)
 Smooth muscles (under lying organ)
 Cardiac muscles (only cardiac)

TYPES OF CONTRACTION:
 Isotonic contraction : Muscle shorten to produce contraction
and active movement. (running, walking)
 Isometric contraction: Muscles contract without moving joint
(abdominal, gluteal). Hanging on pole. Push on wall
 Isokinetic contraction : Involve muscle contraction or tension
against resistance either isometric and isotonic (pectoral chest
muscle may be increase in size & strength by lifting weight).
 Aerobic contraction:
The contraction during which the amount of oxygen taken
in the body is greater than that used to perform activity.
• Aerobic use large muscle group that move respectively
• Improve cardiovascular conditioning, physical fitness.
 Anaerobic contraction:
Involve activity in which the muscles cannot draw out
enough oxygen from the blood stream provide additional
energy for short time.
• Used in athletes training which weight lifting &
sprinting.
Activity-exercise Pattern
An activity-exercise pattern refers to a person's routine of exercise, activity,
leisure, and recreation. It includes;

(a) Activities of daily living (ADLs) that require energy expenditure such
as hygiene, dressing, cooking, shopping, eating, working, and home
maintenance.

(b) The type, quality, and quantity of exercise, including sports.

 Terms
Mobility
The ability to move freely, easily,
rhythmically and purposefully within the
environment, is an essential part of living.

Physical Activity
Is bodily movements produced by skeletal
muscles that require energy expenditure and
produces progressive health benefits.

Exercise
Is a type of physical activity defined as a
planned, structured, and repetitive bodily
movement done to improve or maintain one or
more components of physical fitness.
Body mechanics is the term used to describe the efficient,
coordinated, and safe use of the body to move objects
and carry out the activities of daily living.

It involves:
 Body alignment (Posture)
 Balance
 Coordinated body movement
Body alignment
The position of body parts in relation to each other.
Proper alignments and posture bring body parts into
position a manner that promotes optimal balance and
maximal body function.
Balance
Individual’s ability to maintain equilibrium. A body in
correct alignment, is the balance.
Coordinated body movement
Balanced, smooth, purposeful movement is the result of
proper functioning of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and
basal ganglia.
 JOINT MOBILITY: The junction between two or
more bones that articulate together is called joint.

 BODY MECHANICS : Involves the coordinated

effort of muscles, bones, and the nervous system to
maintain balance, posture, and alignment.
 Centre of gravity
The point at which the object’s mass is
centred.
In standing human, centre of gravity is
located in the centre of pelvis about the
level of second sacral vertebra.
Line of gravity:-
Vertical line that passes through the
centre of gravity.
Base of support:-
The wider the base of support and the
lower the centre of gravity, the
greater the stability of the object.
• Holding an object close to the body • Facing the direction of work
requires less energy than holding it reduces the chance of injury
farther away.
• Smooth, continuous movements are easier and safer than sudden, sharp, or
uncontrolled movements.
• Always adjust the height of the work area when possible
• Bend hips and knees, widening base of support as needed.
• Muscle strain can be avoided by using the strong leg
muscles when lifting, pushing, and pulling
 Growth and Development
 Infant: neck holding

 Nutrition (under nutrition and over nutrition)

 Personal Values and Attitudes

 External Factors
 Prescribed Limitations
BENEFITS OF
EXERCISE
 1) Produces a sense of well being
1) Maintains skin integrity 2) Improves self esteem
2) Prevents pressure ulcers 3) Increase energy level to
perform ADLs

1) Increased Ventilation
2) Prevents
pooling of
1) Strengthen heart muscles
secretions.
& blood supply to heart
2) Increase cardiac output

1) Increases metabolic rate

2) Increase use of fatty
1) Improves acids which reduces serum
appetite, digestion & cholesterol.
elimination

1) Prevent
1) Muscles strength,
urinary stasis
joint flexibility & ROM
increases
2) Bone Density is Benefits of
 EFFECTS OF
IMMOBILITY
 Psychoneurologic System
 ADLs
1) Reduced Skin turgor
 Self esteem
2) Skin breakdown
1) Impair Social Development

 Cardiac workload
1) Orthostatic Hypotension  Respiratory system
2) Edema 1) Pooling of secretions
3) Thrombus formation 2) Pneumonia

 Metabolic Rate
1) Anorexia
1) Decreased
digestion
2) Constipation

1) Osteoporosis 1) Urinary stasis

2) Atrophy 2) Renal calculi
3) Contractures 3) Urinary retention
4) Stiffness & Pain Effects of 4) Urinary infection
Definition

The extent or limit to which a part of the body

can be moved around a joint or a fixed point.
It is the totality of movement a joint is capable
of doing.

Types: Passive ROM exercise is performed by the physical

 Active ROM therapist alone, Active ROM is performed
independently by the patient, and
 Passive ROM Active-assistive ROM may involve the use of bands,
straps or other devices, accompanied by verbal
 Active - assistance ROM
directions from the therapist.
 What to do?

 Encourage patient to be independent with ADL’s.

 Active and passive ROM/ encourage Deep breathing
and coughing exercise.
 Encourage patient to assist with turning and

positioning.
 Well balanced diet, rich in protein and minerals.
 Encourage visitors/ provide magazines, newspaper.

3/12/2013
Assessment: Hx & PE (activity level, endurance, mobility
problems, exercise and fitness goals). Assess gait, alignment,
muscle mass and tone.

Diagnoses: Activity Intolerance, Impaired Physical mobility,

Pain, Self-Care deficit, Impaired Skin integrity, Altered urinary
elimination, Risk for injury (orthostatic hypotension),
Ineffective breathing pattern.

Planning: Identify clients in need of assistance, also

incorporate teaching in this phase.

Implementation: Positioning (semi-fowlers etc.),

transferring, ROM exercises, moving and turning in the bed.
1. Abduction – Movement away from body.
2. Active Range of Motion – Range of motion exercises completed by the resident
without assistance.
3. Adaptive Equipment – Items such as eating utensils which are altered to make them
easier to use by residents with functional limitations.
4. Adduction – Movement towards the body.
5. Ambulate – To walk or assist the resident to walk.
6. Atrophy – Decrease in size and strength, also referred to as wasting.
7. Body Alignment – Correct position of the body for good posture.
8. Contractures – Shortening or contraction of a muscle. May be due to spasms or
paralysis and may be permanent.
9. Exercise – Physical activity or series of specific body movements designed to
strengthen the body or parts of the body.
10.Extension – To straighten.
11.Rehabilitation – A process in which the resident is assisted in reaching their highest
level of ability physically, mentally and emotionally.
12.Restorative Care – Nursing care that is planned to promote resident’s health and
regain as much of their independence as possible.
13. Semi-Fowler’s Position – Body position alignment of resident
sitting in bed with the head of the bed elevated to between 30-45
degrees. Also referred to as Low Fowler’s.
14. Side-Lying Position – Body alignment position of resident lying on
their back in bed. Also referred to as lateral position.
15. Supine Position – Body alignment position of resident lying on their
back in bed.
16. Transfer – Move from one surface or place to another.
17. External Rotation – To rotate the joint away or outward.
18. Flexion – To bend.
19. Fowler’s Position – Body position alignment of resident sitting in
bed with the head of the bed is elevated to between 60-90 degrees.
Also referred to High Fowler’s.
20. Hemiplegia – Paralysis of one side of the body.
21. Internal Rotation – To rotate the joint inward.
22. Paralysis – Loss of ability to move a part or all of the body.