Internet of Things (IoT)

based System Management

IoT Network Connectivity

Presented by:
Dr. Abdo H Guroob
[email protected]
 Introduction
01
Agenda
Focus on IoT Network Connectivity
Importance of wireless communication for IoT devices

Wireless Communication Technologies

02 Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, LoRa, Cellular
Advantages and disadvantages of each technology

IoT Network Architectures

03 Different IoT network architectures
Considerations for choosing the right architecture for specific IoT
applications

IoT Network Protocols

04 Overview of common IoT protocols
Importance of choosing the right protocols

Designing IoT Network Connectivity

05 Factors to consider when designing IoT network connectivity
Scalability, reliability, security, and power consumption
 Introduction
IoT connectivity is how an IoT device, which can be anything from a simple
sensor in a factory to a self-driving vehicle and encompasses applications
from streetlights to robots, connects to the cloud, other devices, and
integration points such as IoT gateways.

IoT connectivity is essential because it enables the IoT, without it, devices
are just things. It is the IoT connectivity that brings value from IoT by
communicating their data to enable action to be taken, services to be
delivered, and revenue generated.
 Introduction
The three main technical requirements for any enterprise looking into
IoT connectivity technology are
◇ Coverage.
◇ Energy efficiency.
◇ Data rate.
No single technology can excel in all these aspects, as these are trade-offs
every radio technology faces.
 Introduction
Other technical features

In addition to the main technical considerations

discussed above, there are other technical features
that can be highly relevant for certain applications:
• Mobility
• Positioning
• Latency
• Device density
 Wireless Communication
Technologies
wireless communication
technologies

The wireless exchange of data enables even the

smallest devices in manufacturing systems to be
easily integrated into the production network. The
information from these coupled devices can then be
used to improved the availability, performance and
quality of the manufacturing process.
 Wireless Communication
Technologies
Advantages of Wireless Disadvantages of Wireless
Communication Communication
• Cheap to install and maintain. • Eaves-dropping

• Data is transmitted faster and at a high • Man-In-The-Middle attack.

speed. • IP address and MAC address spoofing

• Reduced maintenance and installation cost • Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack.

• Can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.

 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
1. Cellular
One of the best-known types of IoT wireless technology is cellular,
particularly in the consumer mobile market. Cellular networks
provide reliable broadband communication that supports
everything from streaming applications to voice calls. Since
cellular is so well established, it offers very high bandwidth.
Carriers offer Cat-M1 and NB-IoT, cellular options designed to
compete with novel LPWAN technologies.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
2. Bluetooth and BLE (Bluetooth Low
Energy)
Another well-known wireless technology in consumer circles is Bluetooth. This wireless personal area
network (WPAN) is a short-range communication technology with optimization for power consumption
(Bluetooth Low Energy) positioned to support small-scale consumer IoT applications.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
3. WiFi
WiFi has played a critical role in providing high-throughput data
transfer in homes and for enterprises — it’s another well-known
IoT wireless technology. It can be quite effective in the right
situations, though it has significant limitations with scalability,
coverage, and high power consumption.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
4. LPWAN (Cat-M1/NB-IoT)
Low power wide area networks (LPWAN) provide long-range communication using small, inexpensive
batteries. This family of technologies is ideal for supporting large-scale IoT networks where a significant
range is required. However, LPWANs can only send small blocks of data at a low rate.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
5. LoRaWAN
LoRaWAN is a powerful and emerging technology. It’s similar to Bluetooth, but it offers a longer range for
small data packets with low power consumption. LoRaWAN manages the communication frequencies,
power, and data rate for all connected devices. So, LoRaWAN sensors communicate to a cellular
gateway to send data to the cloud. It does require a back-haul transport, and partners like Zipit can
provide the necessary cellular support.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
6. RFID-IoT
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) uses radio frequency
signals to track and monitor objects and assets efficiently and
accurately. RFID systems consist of tags, equipped with unique
identification numbers, that can be attached to or embedded in
objects like credential badges and wearables for sporting events,
parking tags to hang in automobiles, loyalty cards, and
warehousing labels. RFID tags exchange information wirelessly
but do not connect to the internet directly. RFID technology
requires a gateway and cellular connectivity to send data to a
cloud platform.
 Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
7. Zigbee
Zigbee is a standards-based wireless technology developed to enable low-cost, low-power wireless
machine-to-machine (M2M) and internet of things (IoT) networks. Zigbee is for low-data rate, low-power
applications and is an open standard.
Types of IoT Wireless
Technologies
 IoT Network Architectures
The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system.
 Layers in IoT
Layer 1: Physical Devices and Controllers Layer
The first layer of the IoT Reference Model is the physical devices and
controller's layer.
This layer is home to the “things” on the Internet of Things, including the
various endpoint devices and sensors that send and receive information.
The size of these “things” can range from almost microscopic sensors to
giant machines in a factory.
Their primary function is generating data and being capable of being queried
and/or controlled over a network.
 Layers in IoT
Layer 2: Connectivity Layer

In the second layer of the IoT Reference Model, the focus is on connectivity.
The most important function of this IoT layer is the reliable and timely
transmission of data. More specifically, this includes transmissions between
Layer 1 devices and the network and between the network and information
processing that occurs at Layer 3 (the edge computing layer).
 Layers in IoT
Layer 3: Edge Computing Layer

Edge computing is the role of Layer 3.

Edge computing is often referred to as the “fog” layer.
At this layer, the emphasis is on data reduction and converting network data
flows into information that is ready for storage and processing by higher
layers.
One of the basic principles of this reference model is that information
processing is initiated as early and as close to the edge of the network as
possible.
 Layers in IoT

Upper Layers: Layers 4–7

The upper layers deal with
handling and processing the
IoT data generated by the
bottom layer. For the sake
of completeness, Layers 4–
7 of the IoT Reference
Model are summarized in
Table.
 Designing IoT Network
Connectivity
When designing IoT network connectivity, various key factors play a critical
role in ensuring the network operates efficiently, securely, and sustainably.
These factors:
1. Scalability.
2. Reliability.
3. Security
4. Power Consumption.
5. Latency Requirements.
6. Data Throughput.
7. Connectivity Range
8. Interoperability.
9. Environmental Conditions.
10.Cost Efficiency