Introduction to Internet of Things

Course Overview:

• This course is foundation course around the Internet of Things (IoT). It overviews about the
technology used to build these kinds of devices, how they communicate, how they store
data, and the kinds of distributed systems needed to support them. Divided into four
modules, the first unit explores about theoretical concepts of IoT while second unit is
completely programming based to explore IoT sensors and actuators with Arduino. The rest
of the syllabus is application oriented based on learning. In general, through this course
students will be explored to the interconnection and integration of the physical world and
the cyber space. They will be able to design and develop IOT Devices

Course Objective:

• To learn fundamentals of IoT and how to build IoT based systems

• To emphasize on development of Industrial IoT applications
• To recognize the factors that contributed to the emergence of IoT
• To utilize and implement solid theoretical foundation of the IoT Platform and System Design.
1.2
Course Outcomes (CO):

•CO1: Ability to understand design flow of IoT based systems

•CO2: Analyse and understand different communication protocols
for connecting IoT nodes to server
•CO3: Apply coding concepts to design real-time IoT solutions
•CO4: Develop the state-of-the-art IoT based systems, suitable for
real life and Industry applications

1.3
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- I
The Internet of Things: An Overview of what is IoT? Why IoT? Explain the definition and
usage of the term "Internet of Things (IOT)" in different contexts. Design Principles for
Connected Devices, internet principles: internet communications-An overview, Physical
Design of IoT, Logical Design of IoT, IoT standards, IoT generic architecture and IoT
protocols. IoT future trends, Understand IoT Applications and Examples. Understand
various IoT architectures based on applications. Understand different classes of sensors
and actuators. Sensors: sensor terminology, sensor dynamics and specifications.
Understand the basics of hardware design needed to build useful circuits using basic
sensors and actuators

4
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- II
Communication protocols and Arduino Programming: Understand various network
protocols used in IoT, Understand various communication protocols (SPI, I2C, UART). Design
and develop Arduino code needed to communicate the microcontroller with sensors and
actuators, build circuits using IoT supported Hardware platforms such as Arduino, ESP8266
etc., Use of software libraries with an Arduino sketch that allows a programmer to use
complicated hardware without dealing with complexity, Learning IoT application
programming and build solutions for real life problems and test them in Arduino and Node
MCU environments. Understand various wireless Technologies for IoT and its range,
frequency and applications.

5
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- III
Fundamentals of IEEE 802.15.4, Zigbee and 6LOWPAN: Importance of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC
and IEEE 802.15.4 PHY layer in constrained networks and their header format, Importance
of Zigbee technology and its applications, use of IPv6 in IoT Environments, Understanding
importance of IPv6 and how constrained nodes deal with bigger headers (IPv6).
Understand IPv6 over Low Power WPAN (6LoWPAN) and role of 6LoWPAN in wireless
sensor network. Various routing techniques in constrained network. Understanding IoT
Application Layer Protocols: HTTP, CoAP Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MeTT).

6
 Syllabus
Contents
• UNIT- IV
Application areas and Real-time Case Studies: Role of big data, cloud computing and data
analytics in a typical IoT system. Analyze various case studies implementing IoT in real
world environment and find out the solutions of various deployment issues. Smart parking
system, Smart irrigation system-block diagram, sensors, modules on Arduino and Node
MCU

7
 What is Internet of
Things?

• IOT is a giant network of connected

devices.
• These devices gather and share data
about how they're used and the
environment in which they're
operated.

8
What is Internet of Things?

9
What is Internet of Things?

10
What is Internet of
Things?

11
What is Internet of
Things?

12
 What is Internet of
Things?

IoT is connecting everyday things

embedded with electronics, software
and sensors to the internet enabling
them to collect and exchange data

13
How its
done?

14
 How its
done?

It's all done using sensors, sensors are

embedded in every physical device.

15
 Sensors and physical
devices
• Physical devices can be
mobile phone, electrical
appliances, vehicles,
barcode sensors, traffic
lights and almost
everything that we come
across in day to day life.
• Sensors continuously emit
data about working state
of the devices.

16
How this data is shared to
benefit

17
 How this data is shared to
benefit
• IOT provides a common platform for all these devices to dump their data and
a common language for all devices to communicate with each other.
• Data is emitted from various sensors and sent to IOT platforms.
• Securely IOT platform integrates collected data from various sources.
• Further analytics is performed on data and valuable information is extracted
as per requirement.
• Finally, result is shared with other devices for better user experience,
automation and improving efficiencies.

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IoT in AC manufacturing
industry

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IoT example in AC
manufacturing industry
• Both manufacturing machine and belt have sensors attached.
• Both send data regarding machine health and production specifications to manufacturer to identify issues
beforehand.
• Barcode is attached to each product before leaving belt containing product code manufacturer details etc.
• Manufacturer uses this data to identify why product was distributed and track retailers in venturing.
• Hence manufacturer can make product running out of stock available Next
• These products are packed and parcel to different retailers.
• Each retailer has a barcode reader to track products coming from.
• Different manufacturers, manage inventory, check special instructions and many more.
• Compressor of AC has an embedded sensor that emits data regarding its health and temperature.
• This data is analyzed continuously allowing customer care to contact you for repair work in time.
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 IoT
Definitions
• IoT - An interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital world interacts
with the physical world using a plethora of sensors and actuators.
• IoT - defined as a paradigm in which computing and networking capabilities are
embedded in any kind of conceivable object.
• IoT - refers to a new kind of world where almost all the devices and appliances that we
use are connected to a network, to be used collaboratively to achieve complex tasks that
require a high degree of intelligence. For this intelligence and interconnection, IoT devices
are equipped with embedded sensors, actuators, processors, and transceivers.
• IoT - Not a single technology; rather it is an agglomeration/amalgamation of various
technologies that work together in tandem.
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IoT
Definitions
IoT
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols, where physical and virtual things have identities, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities, utilizing intelligent interfaces
which are seamlessly integrated into the information network to often
communicate data associated with users and their environments.

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Benefits of
iot
•Efficient Resource Utilization
•Minimizing Human Effort
•Saves Time
•Development of AI through IoT
•Improved Security

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Features of
IoT
• CONNECT – Connect various things to IoT Platform
• ANALYZE – Analyze the data collected and use it to build Business
Intelligence
• INTEGRATE – Integrate various models to improve user
experience

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 IoT
Characteristic
s
• Dynamic and Self-Adapting – IoT devices and systems have capabilities to
dynamically adapt with changing contexts and take actions based on their operating
conditions, user’s context or sensed environment. For example – Surveillance
Camera
• Self- Configuring – It allows a large number of devices to work together to provide
certain functionality such as weather monitoring. These devices have ability to
configure themselves as per IoT infrastructure, setup the networking and fetch latest
softwares upgrades with minimal human intervention.
• Interoperable Communication Protocols – Required to communicate with other
devices and also with infrastructure.
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 IoT
Characteristic
s
• Unique Identity – Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique identifier such
as an IP address. They have intelligent interfaces which adapt based on context and
allow communicating with users and environments. IoT devices interfaces allow
users to query the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely, in
association with control, configuration and arrangement infrastructure.
• Integrated into Information Network– It allows them communicate and exchange
data with other devices and systems. IoT devices can be dynamically discovered in
network or other networks. For example- weather monitoring
• Interconnectivity- With regard to the IoT, anything can be interconnected with the
global information and communication infrastructure
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 Physical design of
an IoT

• "Things" in IoT usually refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and
can perform remote sensing and actuating and have monitoring capabilities.
• IoT devices can:
Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or
indirectly), or
 Collect data from other devices and process the data locally, or
Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for
processing the data, or
Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based
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on temporal and space constraints
Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device
(Architecture)

• IoT device consists of several interfaces for connections together devices,

both wired and wireless. These include
1. I/O interfaces for sensors
2. Interfaces for internet connectivity
3. Memory and storage interfaces and
4. Audio / video interfaces.

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Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Device
(Architecture)
Connectivity Processor Audio/ Video
I/O Interfaces (for
Interfaces sensors, actuators,
User Host HDMI etc.)
CPU 3.5mm audio
Ethernet UART
RCA video

SPI
Memory Interfaces Graphics
Storage Interfaces
NAND/NOR SD I2C

GPU MMC
DDR1/DDR2/D CAN
DR3 SDIO
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IoT
Architecture
◾ Link Layer
◾ Network/Internet Layer
◾ Transport Layer
◾ Application Layer

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 What are
protocols
• In a network, communication occurs between entities in different systems which is capable
of sending or receiving information.

• However, two entities cannot simply send bit streams to each other and expect to be
understood.

• For communication to occur, entities must agree on a protocol.

• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.

• Protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is

communicated. 31
 What are
protocols
• Key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.
Syntax- Refers to structure or format of data, meaning order in which they are
presented. For example, a simple protocol might expect first 8 bits of data to be
sender address, second 8 bits to be receiver address, and rest bits to be message.
Semantics- Refers to meaning of each section of bits. (To interpreted a pattern and
perform necessary action) For example, does an address identify route to be taken or
final destination of message?
Timing- Refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast they
can be sent. For example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but receiver process
data at only 1 Mbps, transmission will overload receiver and some data will be lost.

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 IoT Architecture and
Protocols
 Link Layer Determines how data is physically sent over network layer (e.g.
copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio wave).

 Determines how packet are coded and signaled by hardware device over medium
to which host is attached.

 Link Layer Protocols:-

1.IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet (wired connection) 2.
802.11 –Wi-Fi
3. 802.16—WiMax
4. 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN
5. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication
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 IoT Architecture and
Protocols
1. Link Layer Link layer protocols determine how the data is physically sent over networks
physical layer or medium (e.g. copper wire, coaxial cable or radio wave).
• Its scope is local network connection to which host is attached.
• Hosts on same link exchange data packets over link layer using link layer protocols.
• Determines how packets are coded and signalled by hardware device over medium to
which host is attached (such as a coaxial cable).
1. IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet : IEEE 802.3 is a collection of wired Ethernet standards for link layer. For
example 802.3 is standard for 10BASE5 Ethernet that uses co-axial cable as a shared medium,
802.3.i is standard for 10BASE-T Ethernet over copper twisted pair connections, 802.3.j is standard
for 10BASE-F Ethernet over fibre optic connections, 802.3ae is standard for 10Gbit/s Ethernet
over fiber, etc. Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 Gb/s and higher. Shared
medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable, twisted pair wire or an optical fiber which carries
communication for all devices on Internet, thus data sent by one device can be received
by all devices subject to propagation coDn.rDdviiytaiAognawr saland transceiver 34
 Link
Layer
2. IEEE 802.11 –Wi-Fi : IEEE 802.11 is a collection of wireless LAN (WLAN) communication
standards including extensive description of link layer. For example 802.11a operates in
5Ghz band, 802.11b and 802.11g operate in 2.4 GHz band, 802.11n operates in 2.4/5 GHz
bands, 802.11 ac operates in 5GHz band and 802.11ad operates in 60 GHz band. Standards
provide data rates from 1 Mb/s to 6.75 Gb/s.
3. IEEE 802.16—WiMax : IEEE 802.16 is a collection of wireless broadband standards
including extensive descriptions for link layer also called WiMax. WiMax standards provide
data rates from 1.5 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s. Recent update provides data rates of 100 Mbit/s for
mobile stations and 1Gbit/s for fixed stations. 35
 Link
Layer
4. 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN: IEEE 802.15.4 is collection of standards for Low Rate Wireless PAN
(LR- WPAN). Standards form basis of specifications for high level communication protocols
such as ZigBee. LR-WPAN standards provide data rates from 40 Kb/s to 250 Kb/s. Standards
provide low cost and low speed communication for power constraint devices.
5. 2G/3G/4G—Mobile communication: There are different generations of m obile
communication standards including 2G (GSM and CDMA), 3G (UMTS and CDMA 2000) and 4G
(LTE), IoT devices based on these standards can communicate over cellular networks, Data
rates range from 9.6 Kb/s (for 2G) to 100 Mb/s (for 4G).
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 IoT
Protocols
2. Network/Internet Layer -This layer performs host addressing and packet routing. Datagram contain
source and destination addresses which are used to route them from source to destination across
multiple networks.
• IPv4: Internet protocol version 4 is most deployed internet protocol, used to identify devices on
network using hierarchical addressing scheme. It uses 32 bit address scheme that allows 232
addresses. It is succeeded by IPv6. IP protocols establish connections on packet networks, but do
not guarantee delivery of packets. Guaranteed delivery and Data integrity are handled by upper
layer protocols such as TCP.
• IPV6:- New version of internet protocol which uses 128-bits address that allows 2^128 or 3.4 X
10^38 address.
• 6LoWPAN:- IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) brings IP
protocol to low power devices which have limited processing capabilities. Operates in 2.4 GHz
frequency range and provides data transfer rates of 250 Kb/s. 6LoWPAN works with 802.15.4 link
layer protocol and defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagrams over IEEE 802.153.47 -
based networks.
 Transport
Layer
Provide end to end message transfer capability independent of underlying network.
• Message transfer capability can be set up on connections using handshakes (as in TCP) for without
using handshakes (as in UDP) . Provides functions such as error control segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): - Widely used for data transmission in communication network such
as internet. It is a connection oriented and stateful protocol. While IP protocols deals with sending
packets, TCP ensures reliable transmission of packets in order. It provides error detection capability so
that duplicate packets can be discarded and lost packets are retransmitted. Flow control capability ensures
that rate at which sender sends data is not too high for receiver to process. Congestion control capability
helps in avoiding network congestion and congestion collapse which can lead to degradation of network
performance.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP): - Transaction oriented, stateless and connectionless protocol. Useful for
time-sensitive applications that have very small data units to exchange and do not want connection setup-
38
overhead. Does not provide guaranteed deliveDrry. D,vioayrAdgearrwianl g of message and duplicate
 IoT
Protocols Application Type
Electronic Mail
Application-Layer Protocol
Send: Simple Mail Transfer
4. Application Layer Defines how Protocol (SMTP)
application processes (clients and servers), Receive: Post Office
running on different end systems, pass Protocol v3 (POP3)
messages to each other. It defines:
M2M CoAP
 Types of messages, e.g., request messages
World Wide Web Hyper Text Transfer
and (WWW) Protocol 1.1 (HTTP 1.1)
response messages.
File Transfer File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Syntax of various message types, i.e., fields in Trivial File Transfer
message and how fields are delineated. Protocol (TFTP)
o
 Meaning of information that field is supposed t Internet Telephony Proprietary (e.g. Vocaltec)
contain.
 Rules
sends for determining
messages when and
and responds tohow a process
messages 39
 Application
Layer
4. Application Layer Defines how application interface with the lower layer protocols to send
data over network. It enables process-to-process connections using ports.
• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) forms foundation of WWW.
 Includes commands such as GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, TRACE, OPTIONS, etc.
 Follows request response model where client sends requests to server using HTTP
commands.
 Stateless protocol where each HTTP request is independent of other requests.
 HTTP client can be a browser or an application running on client (e.g., an
application
running on an IoT device, a mobile application or other software.)
 Uses Universal Resources Identities (URIs) to identify HTTP resources. 40
 Application
Layer
• Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP): used for machine-to-machine applications.
 Meant for constrained environments with constrained devices and networks. Like, HTTP,
CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request-response model, however it runs on
top of UDP instead of TCP.
 Uses a client-server architecture where clients communicate with servers using
connectionless datagrams.
 Designed to easily interface with HTTP.
 Supports methods such a GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

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 Application
Layer
• WebSocket: allows full-duplex communications over a single socket connection for sending
messages between client and server.
 Based on TCP and allows streams of messages to be sent back and forth between client
and server while keeping TCP connection open.
 Client can be browser, mobile application or an IoT device
• Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT): light weight messaging protocol based on
publish-subscribe model.
 Uses a client-server architecture where clients connects to server and publishes messages
to topics on server.
 Broker forwards the messages to clients subscribed to topics
 Well suited for constrained environments where devices have limited processing and 42
memory resources and network bandwidth is low.
 Application
Layer
• Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Protocol for real-time communication
and streaming XML data between network entities.
 Powers wide range applications including messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming,
multi-party chat and voice/video calls.
 Allows sending small chunks of XML data from one network entity to another in near real-
time.
 Decentralized protocol and uses a client-server architecture.
 Supports both client-to-server and server-to-server communication paths.
 Allows real-time communication between IoT devices.
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 Application
Layer
• Data –Distribution Service (DDS): Data-centric middleware standard for device-todevice or
machine-to-machine communication.
 Uses publish-subscribe model where publishers create topics which subscribers subscribe.
 Publisher- responsible for data distribution; subscriber- responsible for receiving published
data.
 Provides quality-of-service (QoS) control and configurable reliability.
• Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP): Protocol for business messaging.
 Supports both point-to-point and publisher-subscriber model, routing and queuing
 AMQP brokers receives messages from publishers and route them to consumers.
 Publishers publish messages to exchange which then distributes message copies to queues.
 Messages are either delivered by brokDe.rrvDityoa Agcaowr nlasumer which have subscribed to queues
 Logical design of
an IoT

• It refers to an abstract
representation of entities and
processes without going into
low-level specifics of
implementation.
• IoT system comprises a number
of functional blocks that
provide system the capabilities
for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and
management. 45
 IoT system functional
blocks
• Device: Comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring and
control functions
• Communication: Handles communication for IoTsystem.
• Services: Types of IoT services include services for device monitoring, device control
services, data publishing services and services for device discovery.
• Management: Provides various functions to govern IoT system
• Security: Secures IoT system and by providing functions such as authentications,
authorization, message and content integrity, and data security
• Application: IoT applications provide an interface that users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of IoT system. Allow users to view system status and view or analyse
processed data.
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 IoT Communication
models
• Request-Response Model: Here,
client sends requests to server
and server responds to requests.
• When server receives a request,
it decides how to respond,
fetch data, retrieve resource
representations, prepare
response, and then sends
response to client.
• Stateless communication model
and each request-response pair is
independent of others.
47
 IoT Communication
models
• Publish–Subscribe Model: Communication model that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
• Publishers are source of data, which send data to topics, managed by broker.
• Publishers are not aware of consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to topics,
managed by broker.
• When broker receives data
for a topic from publisher, it
data sends
consumers. to all
subscribed
 IoT Communication
models
• Push–Pull Communication Model: Communication model in which data producers push data
to queues and consumers pull data from queues.
• Producers do not need to be aware of consumers.
• Queues help in decoupling
messaging between producers and
consumers.
• Queues act as buffer which helps in
situations when there is
mismatch between rate at which
producers push data and rate at
which consumers pull data.

49
 IoT Communication
models
• Exclusive Pair: Bi-directional, fully duplex communication model that uses persistent
connection between client and server, once connection is established it remains open until
client sends a request to close connection.
• Client and server can send message to each other after connection setup.
• Stateful communication model, Here, server is aware of all open connections

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How IoT
works

51
IoT as a Network of
Networks:

• These networks
connected with added
security, analytics, and
management capabilities.
• This will allow IoT to
become even more
powerful in what it can
help people achieve.

52
 Design Principles for
Connected Devices
• For designers focused on designing SW services and
screen based interfaces or physical products, designing
Service Design
IoT solutions imposes design challenges.
• IoT solutions consist of multiple elements:
• physical devices like sensors, actuators and UX Design
• interactive devices,
• network connecting these devices,
• data gathered from these devices and UI Design
• analyzed to create a meaningful experience and
• physical context in which user interacts with
solution. Industrial
Design
53
 Design Principles for
Connected Devices
1. Focus on value
• User research and service design are more crucial than ever.
• For your IoT solution to become widely adopted, you need to dig deep into users’ needs in order to find
out where lies a problem truly worth solving and what is the real end user value of the solution.
• Understand barriers of adopting new technology and your solution specifically.
• Need to plan carefully what features to include and in which order.
2. Take a holistic view
• IoT solutions consist of multiple devices with different capabilities and both physical and digital
touchpoints.
• Solution to be provided in co-operation with multiple different service providers.
• Conceptualize model of how user understands and perceives system.
• Whole system needs to work seamlessly together in order to create a meaningful experience.

55
 Design Principles for
Connected Devices
3. Put safety first
• Consequences can be serious, when something goes wrong.
• Building trust should be one of your main design drivers which is built slowly and lost easily,
• Understand possible error situations related to context of use, HW, SW and network as well as
to user interactions and trying to prevent them
• If the error situations still occur, it means appropriately informing user about them and
helping them to recover.
• Consider data security & privacy as key elements of your design
• Quality assurance is critical and it should not only focus on testing the SW, but on
testing end
to end system, in a real-world context.

56
 Design Principles for
Connected Devices
4. Consider the context
• IoT solutions exist at crossroads of physical and digital worlds. Commands given through
digital interfaces may produce real world effects, but unlike digital commands, actions
happening in the real-world cannot necessarily be undone.
• Make dynamic platform. For ex. Design devices that hold up against changing weather
conditions.
5. Build a strong brand
• Aim to build trust, something unexpected will happen at some point and your solution is
somehow going to fail so build a strong brand that truly resonates with end users.
• Trust should be a key element of brand which should also be reflected in rest of brand
elements, like choice of color, tone of voice, imagery etc.

57
 Design Principles for
Connected Devices
6. Prototype early and often
• HW and SW have quite different lifespans, but as successful IoT solution needs both HW and SW
elements, lifespans should be aligned.
• IoT solutions are hard to upgrade, because once connected object is placed somewhere, it is not so easy
to replace it with a newer version and even software may be hard to update due to security and privacy
reasons. Due to these factors and to avoid costly hardware iterations, it’s crucial to get solution right,
from beginning of implementation.
7. Use data responsibly
• IoT solutions generate tons of data.
• Identify data points that are needed to make solution functional and useful.
• Learn to understand data science and analyse that data to extract meaningful results.
• Data science provides a lot of opportunities to reduce user friction, i.e. reducing use of time, energy and
attention or diminishing stress.

58
 Internet
1.Principles
IoT Principle 1 – Be passionately obsessive about your customer experiences.
Connected devices and sensors are a vehicle to improve customer
experience. Sometimes you must put profit on back burner to enhance experience
with technology.
2. IoT Principle 2 – Create a seamless experience across all platforms and channels.
Mastering information continuity is key to great omnichannel experiences. As
an
example, if a customer has a faulty connected vacuum cleaner and calls one of your
customer-service agents, that agent should already be able to see where vacuum cleaner
is and what's wrong with it — better yet, that agent could contact customer proactively
with a solution.
3. IoT Principle 3 – Always look for ways to improve.
Provide tools to drive change and improvement on a continuing basis with much better
data and analytics. It creates high visibility and process improvement within an
your process. IoT can give you real-time insight into flow, status, and state of key items
organization.
 Internet
4.Principles
IoT Principle 4 – Just having data isn’t enough.
Collect data at an alarming rate, however data isn’t enough. That data needs to be
leveraged with models, analytics, and algorithms to extract insight from it. This will
help you dig deep into your processes and consistently be improving them.
5. IoT Principle 5 – Think Big, take small bites.
Bite sized, discreet projects together bring most big visions. These allow you fail and
iterate experience gained IoT is a journey and you should have an idea of just how long it
is going to be. To be successful you need to move forward in small steps, learning from
mistakes.
6. IoT Principle 6 – Become a Platform company with IoT.
By creating a platform business model, you allow other businesses to leverage your
capabilities to grow their own businesses and thus creates a long, sustainable
competitive advantage for your business. Think of ways to allow other businesses
leverage
to your connected devices. 59
 Internet
Principles
7. IoT Principle 7 – Outcome based business models are where it’s at.
IOT connected devices allow to sell outcomes. In this model, customer pays for results
that a product or service provides rather than for product or service itself. This is not a
fit for every business, however, if implemented, they can they can increase your profits,
improve your relationships with customers and increase customer loyalty.
8. IoT principle 8 – Next generation is finding a way between monetizing your data
and protecting privacy.
Some companies are monetizing data they collect from sensors. Financial trading
companies are buying cargo ship transit and port arrival information. Utility companies
are buying building and appliance energy-consumption data. Smart home companies are
selling data to advertisers and insurance companies.

61
 Internet
Principles
9. IoT Principle 9 – Disrupt the value chain by exploring HOT products and services.
Innovation is key. It creates opportunities for growth up and down value-chain.
Learn
industry and look for areas in which there are customer issues or stranded excess
margin. Look for strategy that will disrupt industry value-chain. A value chain is end-
to- end set of processes and activities for an industry.
10. IoT Principle 10 – Create a Flywheel for your IoT Strategy.
A lot of effort should be put into identifying factors that will generate and keep the most
momentum in creating upward growth patterns. If you have a good handle on systems
dynamics, you can then use IoT to identify and execute on opportunities and risks in your
business. Understanding the moving pieces will give a company greater momentum
to carry a company to improved things.
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 IoT
1.standards
IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open standard
defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). 6LoWPAN standard enables any low-
power radio to communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low Energy
(BLE) and Z-Wave (for home automation).
2. ZigBee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in industrial settings.
ZigBee is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4
standard. The ZigBee Alliance created Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables
smart objects to work securely on any network and understand each other.
3. LiteOS is a Unix-like operating system (OS) for wireless sensor networks. LiteOS supports
smartphones, wearables, intelligent manufacturing applications, smart homes and the
internet of vehicles (IoV). The OS also serves as a smart device development platform.
4. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a protocol designed by the IETF that specifies
how low-power, compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things.
63
LiteOS
CoAP
 IoT
4. standards
OneM2M is a machine-to-machine service layer that can be embedded in software and
hardware to connect devices. Global standardization body, OneM2M, was created to
develop reusable standards to enable IoT applications across different verticals to
communicate.
5. Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by Object Management Group (OMG)
and is an IoT standard for real-time, scalable and high-performance M2M
communication.
6. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is an open source published standard for
asynchronous messaging by wire. AMQP enables encrypted and interoperable
messaging between organizations and applications. The protocol is used in client-
server messaging and in IoT device management.
7. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a protocol for WANs designed to support
huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions of low-power devices.
68
IoT
Architectures
IoT Level 1
• Single node/device, performs sensing and/or
actuation, stores data, performs analysis, and hosts
application.
• Appropriate for modeling low-cost and low-
complexity approaches where data involved is
minimal and analysis criteria are not
computationally intensive.
• Data sensing and processing is performed
locally.
• Monitoring and control are performed using a
mobile app or a web app.
69
 IoT Level-1
IoT for Home Automation
Example
• System consists of a single node that allows controlling lights,
appliances in a home remotely
• Device used in system interfaces with lights and appliances
using electronic relay switches.
• Status information of each light or appliance is maintained
in a local database.
• REST service is used to view and update status of lights
and
appliances by altering values in a local database.
• Controller service constantly tracks database, keeps track of
equipment, and activates relay switches.
• Locally deployed framework offers a graphical user interface
(GUI) 65
from which user can control lights and other household
IoT
Architectures
IoT Level 2
• Consists of a single node that performs
sensing, actuation, and local analysis (IoT
Device and collected data).
• Data is stored in cloud and application is
usually cloud-based.
• Suitable for solutions where data is large,
but primary analysis criterion is not
computationally intensive and can be
performed locally.

66
 IoT Level-2
IoT for smart irrigation
Example
• Single node monitors soil moisture and controls
irrigation system.
• If moisture level falls below prescribed
threshold,
irrigation system is enabled.
• IoT device detects soil moisture using sensors, and
controller tracks it and sends data to cloud.
• Moisture levels are shown to users in an
application,
which can be used to create an irrigation schedule.
• This level has a voluminous size of data, hence cloud
storage is used.
• Data analysis is carried out locally. 67
IoT
Architectures
IoT Level 3
• Has one node.
• In cloud, a database and an application
are created.
• Appropriate for solutions involving
large amounts of data and
computationally intensive research
criteria.

73
 IoT Level-3
IoT system for tracking package handling
Example
• System consists of a single node that monitors vibration levels for a package being shipped.
• Device in this system uses accelerometers and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels.
• Controller service uses WebSocket API to send real-time data to the cloud, which is useful in real-
time applications due to its low overhead.
• Analysis components in cloud can trigger alerts if vibration levels become greater than a
threshold.
• Cloud-based WebSocket service retrieves real-time data from IoT devices and stores in
database.
• Data is voluminous, i.e. large data, in this case.
• Data sensing frequency is high, and collected sensed data is stored on cloud because it
is large.
• Data is analyzed in cloud, and control actions are activated using a mobile app or a web 74
app based
 IoT architectures - IoT
Level 4
• Multiple nodes to conduct
local analysis.
• Has database and
application
that are hosted in cloud.
• Provide both local and cloud-
based observer nodes that can
subscribe to and receive
collected data in cloud via IoT
node devices.
• Appropriate for solutions
involving, voluminous data,
intensive analysiscomputationally
multiple nodes, requirements.
70
 IoT Level-4
IoT-based
Example noise monitoring
device
• Here, nodes are dispatched in
various locations to detect
noise in a specific region.
• Sound sensors are examples of
Nodes/Devices in this context.
• Each Node/Device is self-
contained, with its own
controller service to deliver data
to cloud for storage and
processing.
• Includes numerous sensors, data
collection, and analysis, as well 71
 IoT architectures - IoT
Level 5
• Several end nodes and a
supervisor node.
• For sensing and/or
actuation,
end nodes are used.
• Coordinator Node model
gathers data and transfers it
to cloud from end nodes.
• Ideal for solutions focused on
wireless networks with large
data and computer-intensive
analysis requirements.
72
 IoT Level-5
IoT-based
Example Forest Fire Detection System
• Nodes/devices are mainly used to detect temperature, moisture, and CO2 levels in this kind of
system.

• Sensors are used for temperature, humidity, and CO2.

• Nodes detect data, coordinator node collects data and controller service on coordinator is
migrated into cloud.

• Node Coordinator serves as a portal to IoT-based system and provides Internet access.

• Analytics module can be used to predict/generate results to data stored in cloud.

• Data collection and data analysis are perforDrm. vDieaydAgawar tacl loud 73
 IoT architectures - IoT
Level 6
• Has several separate end
nodes used for monitoring
and/or transferring data to
cloud.
• Database is built on Cloud.
• Analytics portion analyses
and stores data in cloud
database and displays
cloud-based results.
• Centralized controller knows
all nodes' status and delivers
command signals to nodes.
79
 IoT Level-6
IoT-based system of weather
Example
surveillance
• Numerous temperature, humidity,
stress, etc. sensors are contained in
this system.
• Nodes are installed in various
locations and are sent via
WebSocket-based API to cloud-
based storage in real-time.
• Any node update or changes are
performed via centralized controller.
• Analytics module is used to
forecast/generate reports to data
stored on cloud. 80
History / technological
roadmap of iot

81
Domain Specific IoTs
Applications for
• Home
• Cities
• Environment
• Energy Systems
• Retail
• Logistics
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Health &
Lifestyle

82
INTERNET OF THINGS
APPLICATIONS
• IoT applications for smart homes: • IoT applications for smart energy systems:
 Smart Lighting  Smart Grid
 Smart Appliances  Renewable Energy Systems
 Intrusion Detection  Prognostics
 Smoke / Gas Detectors • IoT applications for smart cities:
• IoT applications for smart environments:  Smart Parking
 Weather Monitoring  Smart Lighting for Road
 Air Pollution Monitoring  Smart Road
 Noise Pollution Monitoring  Structural Health Monitoring
 Forest Fire Detection  Surveillance
 River Flood Detection  Emergency Response

83
INTERNET OF THINGS
APPLICATIONS
• IoT applications in smart retail systems: • IoT applications for smart logistic systems:
 Inventory Management  Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis
 Smart Payments  Indoor Air Quality Monitoring
 Smart Vending Machines • IoT applications for health and Lifestyle:
• IoT applications for smart logistic systems:  Health and Fitness Monitoring
 Fleet Tracking  Wearable Electronics
 Route Generation and Scheduling • IoT applications for smart agriculture:
 Shipment Monitoring  Smart Irrigation
 Remote Vehicle Diagnostics  Green House Control

84
Senso
rs
• Sensors and actuators are two critical components of every closed loop control system.
Such a system is also called a mechatronics system.
• Mechatronics system consists of a sensing unit, a controller, and an actuating unit.
• Sensing unit consist of additional components such as filters, amplifiers, modulators, and
other signal conditioners.
• Controller accepts information from sensing unit, makes decisions based on control
algorithm, and outputs commands to actuating unit.
• Actuating unit consists of an actuator and optionally a power supply and a coupling
mechanism.

85
Senso
rs
• Device that when exposed to a physical phenomenon (temperature, displacement,
force, etc.) produces a proportional output signal (electrical, mechanical, magnetic,
etc.).
• Transducer synonymous with sensors.
• Sensor is a device that responds to a change in physical phenomenon while
transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another form of
energy.
• Sensors are transducers when they sense one form of energy input and output in a
different form of energy. For example, a thermocouple responds to a temperature
change (thermal energy) and outputs a proportional change in electromotive force
(electrical energy). Therefore, a thermocouple can be called a sensor or transducer.
86
Linear/Rotational
Sensors

82
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=zkixSsT2p7w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wpAA3qeOYiI
Acceleration
Sensors

FORCE, TORQUE AND PRESSURE

SENSORS

83
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kfzqZpttTA
Flow
Sensors

84
Flow Meter Sensors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pL7bGEF52s
Temperature
Sensors

94
 Temp. Sensors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mQ3o1t4Ssg
Proximity Sensors and Light
sensors
PROXIMITY
SENSORS

LIGHT
SENSORS

96
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s2na8CumNR0
 Selection
Criteria
Multiple static and dynamic factors are considered in selecting a suitable sensor to measure desired
physical parameter. Following is a list of typical factors:
• Range—Difference between the maximum and minimum value of the sensed parameter
• Resolution—The smallest change the sensor can differentiate
• Accuracy—Difference between the measured value and the true value
• Precision—Ability to reproduce repeatedly with a given accuracy
• Sensitivity—Ratio of change in output to a unit change of the input
• Zero offset—A nonzero value output for no input
• Linearity—Percentage of deviation from the best-fit linear calibration curve
• Zero Drift—The departure of output from zero value over a period of time for no input
• Response time—The time lag between the input and output
• Bandwidth—Frequency at which the output magnitude drops by 3 dB
• Resonance—The frequency at which the output magnitude peak occurs
98
 Actuato
rs
• Actuators are devices which drive a machine (robot) including its grippers.
• Muscles of a human arm and hand.
• While human arm provides motion, hand is used for object manipulation.
• So, actuators in robots (machine) provides motion while grippers manipulates objects.
• An actuator system comprises of several subsystems, namely,
(i) Power supply; (ii) Power amplifier;
(iii) Servomotor; (iv) Transmission system.

8
8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHn7O6PUaoY
Connections Between All Actuator
Components

Pp: Primary source of power (electricity or pressurized fluid or compressed air);

Pc: Input control power (usually electric);
Pa: Input power to motor (electric or hydraulic or pneumatic type);
Pm: Power output from motor;
Pu: Mechanical power required;
Pda, Pds, and Pdt: Powers lost in dissipation for conversions 8
transmission 9
Characteristics Of
Actuator
• Low inertia
• High power-to-weight ratio
• Possibility of overload and delivery of impulse torques
• Capacity to develop high accelerations
• Wide velocity ranges
• High positioning accuracy
• Good trajectory tracking and positioning accuracy

10
2
Choice of
Actuator
• Choice of actuator depends on mechanical power required Pu and velocity that
describe joint motion.
• Based on source of input power Pa, the actuators can be classified into three
groups:
1. Electric Actuators: Primary input power supply is electric energy from electric
distribution system.
2. Hydraulic Actuators: Transform hydraulic energy stored in a reservoir into
mechanical energy by means of suitable pumps.
3. Pneumatic Actuators: Utilize pneumatic energy, i.e., compressed air, provided by a
compressor and transform it into mechanical energy by means of pistons or
turbines.
10
3
Choice of
Actuator
• Electric actuators in industrial robots have wide availability due to their
easy availability followed by hydraulic and pneumatic actuators.

• Hydraulic actuators are suitable for applications where the requirement is high power-
to-weight ratio

• Pneumatic actuators are often used by electrically actuated robots for their grippers
requiring only on-off motions of the jaws.

• Use of a pneumatic gripper makes the robot system a little lighter and cost effective.
10
4
ELECTRIC
ACTUATORS
• Electric actuators are generally those where an electric motor drives robot links
through some mechanical transmission, e.g., gears, etc.

• The first commercial electrically driven industrial robot was introduced in 1974
by
ABB.

• Different types of electric motors are stepper motors, and the dc and ac
motors.

10
5
Advantages of Electric
Actuators
• Widespread availability of power supply.
• Basic drive element in an electric motor is usually lighter than that for fluid power, i.e., pressurized
fluid or compressed air.
• High power-conversion efficiency.
• No pollution of working environment.
• Accuracy and repeatability of electric drive robots are normally better than fluid power robots in
relation to cost.
• Being relatively quiet and clean - acceptable environmentally.
• Easy maintenance and repair.
• Structural components can be lightweight.
• Drive system is well suited to electronic control.
10
6
Disadvantages of Electric
Actuators
• Electrically driven robots often require incorporation of some sort of mechanical
transmission system.

• Additional power is required to move the additional masses of the transmission

system.

• Unwanted movements due to backlash in transmission elements.

• Due to increased complexity in transmission system, there is need of complex control

and thus, additional cost for their procurement and maintenance.

• Electric motors are not intrinsically safe, mainly, in explosive environments. 107
Overcoming Gaps of Electric
Actuators

• Introduction of direct-drive motor system, in which electric motor is a

part of relevant robot arm joint, eliminates need of transmission
elements.

• Furthermore, introduction of newer brushless motors allow electric

robots to be used in some fire-risk applications such as spray painting,
as the possibility of sparking at the motor brushes is eliminated.
108
 Hydraulic
Actuators
• HAs Offer high power to weight ratio, large forces at low speeds, both linear and rotary
motion, compatibility with microprocessor and electronic controllers and tolerance of
extremely hazardous environment.
• Can hold load without break, generate less heat at actuator and apply torque without
gearing.
• Hydraulic pumps may be designed for average load whereas electric motors are designed
for maximum load. Accumulator stores energy and supplies when required.
• EAs are located at or near joint, adding to mass and inertia of robot.
• In HAs only actuator, control valves and accumulators are near the joints.
• Linear cylinder and rotary vane cylinder.

109
Hydraulic
System

110
 Hydraulic
Actuators
• Linear of rotary actuator- to ◾ Servo valve – driven by hydraulic
provide force or torque servomotor, controls the amount and rate
• Hydraulic – provide high fluid of fluid
pressure
pump to the system ◾ Check valve – safety valve
• Electric motor – to operate
◾ Holding valve – acts as brake
hydraulic pump
• Cooling system – to remove ◾ Connecting hoses
generated heat ◾ Filtering system
• Reservoir – to maintain fluid supply
◾ Sensors
• Accumulator – to store energy

111
Hydraulic
Actuators

Disadvantages:
• May leak, not fit for clean room application
• Requires pump, reservoir etc.
• Expensive and noisy, requires maintenance
• Viscosity of oil changes with temperature
• High torque, high pressure
• Susceptible to dirt and other foreign material in oil

112
 Pneumatic
Actuators
• Principally very similar to hydraulic system.
• Pressurised air is used to power and drive linear and rotary cylinders.
• Power to weight ratio is less.
• Simple and safe.
• Have half degree
of freedom(mostly).

113
Unit 1 – Completed