OVERVIEW OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

AND DESIGN FEATURES OF 700MW TG

REGULATOR EXCITER SYNCHRONOUS POWER

MACHINE SYSTE
M

George Sebastian
Electrical Design, NPCIL, Mumbai
11/7/2012 GS 1
 ELEMENTS OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

11/7/2012 GS 2
 TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEM

DC EXCITATION SYSTEM
AC Excitation System
Static Excitation

11/7/2012 GS 3
 DC EXCITATION SYSTEM
Exciter is DC Generator
driven by motor or
coupled to TG shaft
Voltage regulators from rheostat to magnetic
rotating amplifiers
Represent early systems (1920-1960)
Superseded by other systems because of power
system growth

11/7/2012 GS 4
 DC EXCITATION SYSTEM

11/7/2012 GS 5
 AC EXCITATION SYSTEM

• AC machine is exciter
• Exciter on TG shaft
• AC out put of exciter is rectified by either
controlled or non-controlled rectifier
• Rectifiers may be stationary or rotating
• Early system used magnetic and rotating
amplifiers as regulators

11/7/2012 GS 6
 AC EXCITATION SYSTEM
With Stationary Rectifier

11/7/2012 GS 7
 AC EXCITATION SYSTEM
With Rotating Rectifier

Eliminated Slip rings and brushes

Avoid problems with brushes when supplying high
field currents
11/7/2012 GS 8
 AC EXCITATION SYSTEM
With Rotating Rectifier(Brush less Excitation
PMG – Pilot Exciter
System)

AVR 3 Ø Main Exciter

Rotating Rectifier

TG
11/7/2012 GS 9
 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

• All components are stationary

• Excitation power from main generator or station
auxiliary
• Regulated by controlled rectifier
• DC Supply to field winding through slip rings
• Very small time constant
• During fault GS
11/7/2012 ceiling voltage is reduced 10
 STATIC EXCITATION
Excitation Transformer

TY1
AVR ~
AUTO TY2

MANU TY3
~
FCB
TY4

11/7/2012 GS 11
 STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM

Responses very fast, around 40 ms

Low maintenance
Very fast de-excitation by inverter
action
Thyristors can be replaced on line

11/7/2012 GS 12
 MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION

LOCAL CONTROL PANEL

SERVICE PANEL

COMMISSIONING & MAINTENANCE TOOL

11/7/2012 GS 13
 700 MW TG (KAPP 3&4, RAPP 7&8)
PARTICULARS VALUE
Generator THDF 115/67, 716.5 MW, 842.9MVA,0.85 lag
Stator I, V & f 23.175 kA, 21kV +5%, 50+5%
Stator Winding Water Cooled, Class F (rise < B)
RTD-12 Nos duplex PT 100
MVAR 336 lead & 636 lag
Number of bushing 6 (3+3)
Core CRNGO, 12RTD (6TE, 6EE)
Excitation V & I 488V, 5.982kA
Rotor Winding Directly H2 Cooled, 5kg/cm2, Class F, (rise <B)
SCR & Xd (un Sat) 0.4, 2.44
Retaining ring X8CrMnN1818K
Total weight 531 Tonne
BHEL
11/7/2012 Supply GS NTPC- BARH, JP-BARA & about 15 sets for TPS14
 EXCITATION FOR 700MW TG
PARTICULARS VALUE
Pilot Exciter rating 65kVA,220V,16pole, 400Hz
Main Exciter 4500kW,5.982kA,488V,6Pole,150Hz
No of diode & fuse 120 & 60
Thyristor bridges 2 independent 3- Ø fully controlled bridges
No channels 2 Auto, 1 Manual
No of PLC 2 Nos. (Metso DNA Architecture)
Excitation current 5.982kA at MCR
Excitation 488V at MCR
Ceiling Voltage & current 170%
Response ratio 2

11/7/2012 GS 15
 END REGION HEATING

11/7/2012 GS 16
 Limiters working in conjunction with AVR
ensure:

• Optimum utilization of the machine

• Security of parallel operation

Parameters for limitation:

a) Stator current under condition of over excitation

and under excitation
b) Rotor current
c) Load angle
d) Turbine output

During over excitation, rotor current and stator

current limiters intervene to bring about a
reduction in excitation. During under excitation,
 Stator current limiter

The stator current limiter protects the generator from stator

over currents which may occur due to sudden network
voltage change or due to operational error.

Rotor Angle Limiter (Load Angle Limiter)

It limits the load angle of the machine to an acceptable preset
value (i.e 70°) In case angle exceeds the set value the unit
will step up excitation and thus avoids the machine from
falling out of step.

Rotor current Limiter

The AVR may drive the field into overload for on or

more of following reasons:

Failure with in controller

System voltage reduction
 The limiter must prevent this overload from persisting.
The limiter protects the generator against such
excessively long duration of overloads. If during the above
period of current limitation, the dip in generator voltage
makes ceiling excitation valid again.

UNDER EXCITATION LIMITER

While the rotor angle limiter as described above

introduces definite limit on the rotor angle, it imposes
restriction on utilization of machine capability in the
leading zone. Under excitation limiter is used to utilize the
machine capabilities better. The settings of under
excitation limiter to be in action is P<140MWe & MVAR
55MVAR(lead)
 LIMITERS IN EXCITATION SYSTEM
Inductive stator current limiter

Decreases field voltage whenever stator

current limit has exceeded machine
capability in lagging zone
Capacitive stator current limiter

Increases of field voltage whenever

stator current limit has exceeded machine
capability in leading zone

11/7/2012 GS 20
 LIMITERS IN EXCITATION SYSTEM
Rotor current limiter
Prevents thermal overloading of rotor
by lowering the field current
• V/Hz limiter
Reduces excitation with time delay
whenever V/Hz ratio has exceeded
load angle limiter
Increases field voltage instantaneously
to prevent generator from falling out
of step.
11/7/2012 GS 21
 Nominal response/responce
ratio
The rate of increase
of the excitation
output voltage, divided
by the rated field
voltage. The time in
seconds for the
excitation voltage to
attain 95% of the
difference between
ceiling voltage and
rated field voltage

11/7/2012 GS 23
 EXCITATION REQUIREMENTS
Steady state
Regulation of V and I within generator capability
Transient
Field forcing
Limit-Generator short term capabilities
Power system
Control of system reactive power
Improvement of system stability

11/7/2012 GS 24
 ANALOG ANALOG
INPUT INPUT
INTERFA
CE ANALOG
CONTROL Ug,Ig,If OUTPUT

DIGITAL INTER- ANALOG FIRING

INPUT RUPT INPUT AND PULSES
OUTPUT GENER. OUTPUT CONTROL
MODULE MODULE MODULE

MICRO
4 CHNL.
TERML. CPU
FOLLOW UP

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE

REGULATION
 IG

I f from CT
R,S,T
UsyncR,S,T 110VAC
U G R,S,T 110VAC

V/I MEASURING MODULE UNC4660

3V AC

3V DC
22V AC
22V AC

AT RATED
INTERRUPT GENERATOR
UN0661
5V AC

3V DC
& 7V DC
& 7V DC
4.37V AC

Analog I/O module

FROM
UN0610

UN0662
ANALOG SIGNALS
HIER 452555 R2
xxxx KDVR
DIGITAL INPUT/OUTPUT UNO662
UNIT

AUTO CHANNEL PARAMETERS

RAM
BINARY SIGNALS
CENTRAL PROCESSING

GATE CONTROL UNIT UC

R+

UNO663
DEVICE
CHNL BLOCK
SIGNAL FLOW OF AUTO CHANNEL UP TO THY GATE

PULSE INTERM STAGE

UN0096
BRIDGE BLOCK

PULSE FNL UN0809/UN0097

PULSE
TRANS-

STAGE
FORMER
T-

R-

S-
T+
S+
R+
 SIGNAL FLOW OF MANUAL CHANNEL UP TO THY GATE

UN0809/UN0097
V/I MEASURING MODULE UNC4660

UN0096
GATE CONTROL
UNIT UN0663
R+

ANALOG SIGNALS
T-

DC SHORT CKT PROTECTION

REF FOR FLD CURRENT REG
UsyncR,S,T 110VAC 22V AC

PULSE INTERM STAGE

S+

R-

BINARY SIGNALS
PULSE GENERATION
PI REGULATION
I f from CT 3V DC T+

PULSE FNL
FOLLOW UP
AT RATED
S-

STAGE
CHNL BLOCK

BRIDGE BLOCK
FROM
UN0662 OF LC FUNCTION R+ PULSE
DEVICE TRANS-
FORMER
 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF DIGITAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Logic controller : All the logical function are performed with
this unit
Logical functions:
Field Breaker & Excitation ON / OFF controls.
Auto 1 / Auto 2 / Manual 1 / Manual 2 change over controls.
Excitation Raise / Lower controls for each of the channels.
Local / Remote selection/ Reset.
Control functions:
- Excitation transformer over current & over temperature alarm
 Rotor temperature calculations, monitoring & alarm
 Field breaker trip coil monitoring & alarm
 All thyristor bridges operation monitoring & alarm
All four channel operation monitoring & alarm
 Field flashing operation monitoring & alarm
CONFIGURATION OF LOGIC CONTROLLER FUNCTION

OUTPUT SIGNALS INPUT SIGNALS

MICRO TERMINAL

OUTPUT INTERFACE INPUT INTERFACE

UNC 4662 UNC 4661

IN
OUT
INPUT/OUTPUT SIGNALING
UN0662 UN0665

DATA TRANSFER
TO THE DIGITAL PROCESSOR
VOLTAGE UN 0660
REGULATOR
CHANNEL CHANGE OVER
SEQUENCE IN DIGITAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM
Main Channel Conditions for changeover Automatic
(Channel in Changeover to
operation) healthy
channel
1 Auto-1 Auto-1 failed Auto-2
Auto-1 and Auto-2 failed Manual-1
Auto-1, Auto-2 and Manual-1 failed Manual-2
2 Auto-2 Auto-2 failed Auto-1
Auto-1 and Auto-2 failed Manual-1
Auto-1, Auto-2 and Manual-1 failed Manual-2
3 Manual-1 Manual-1 failed Manual-2
Manual-1 & Manual-2 failed Excitation will
trip

4 Manual-2 Manual-2 failed Manual-1

Manual-1 & Manual-2 failed Excitation will
trip
PROTECTIONS IN DIGITAL EXCITATION
SYSTEM
Class-A trip of Excitation :
Excitation transformer over current instantaneous &
delayed
Rotor Over voltage
DC short circuit
Failure of all three bridges
Class-B trip of Excitation :
Failure of all four channels
Excitation transformer over temperature
Manual channel in operation and failure
AVR supply fuse failure
FEATURES OF DIGITAL EXCITATION
SYSTEM(Digital Voltage Regulator-DVR)
Fast response
Set values are digital so no drift in setting,
hence long term stability
Self monitoring and diagnostic feature.
Easy change of logic configuration and set
value .
Easy trouble shooting
Four independent channels
User friendly.
FEATURES OF DIGITAL EXCITATION
SYSTEM(DVR)
Conduction monitoring of bridges
Thyristor heat sink over temperature
Two nos. of cooling fan for each bridge
Limiters calibration is easy.
Reduced module diversity that means less
expenditure.
Less no. of electrical contact points/ control
relays, reduction in potential trouble.
COMPARISON OF OLD (AVR) AND NEW
(DVR) EXCITATION SYSTEM
Parameter AVR DVR
Response 50 ms 20 ms
Reference /Setting Drift possible No drift
No. of channels One AUTO & One Two AUTO & Two
Manual Manual
Monitoring of Not available Available
Thyristor heat sink
temp
Conduction Not available Available
Monitoring of each
thyristor
Logic Configuration Difficult Easy
Trouble Shooting Difficult Easy
Self diagnostic Not Available Available
feature.
MAINTENANCE ON EXCITATION
SYSTEM
(A) Daily Condition Monitoring -
(i)General cleanliness of Excitation system.
(ii)Checking for any alarm LEDs at excitation panel
Recording of Generator and excitation parameter.
(iii)
Running of thyristor bridge &excitation transformer cooling fans.
(iv)
(B) Weekly Condition Monitoring: -
Measurement of currents of thyristor bridge &excitation transformer cooling fans
cooling fans.
Ensuring wetness in SEE earthing pits.
 Recording of Generator and excitation parameter.
MAINTENANCE ON EXCITATION
SYSTEM

(C) Two Yearly Preventive Maintenance:-

 IR measurement of Power circuits.
Checking cleanliness of all the cubicles and their
components.
Checking tightness of all control & power connections.
Calibration of panel meters, rotor temperature units&
transducers.
Checking of all modules/PCBs for any abnormality.
Recording of parameters of field flashing cubicle.
Checking the field breaker (FB)contacts for any pitting
and cleaning of the contacts.
MAINTENANCE ON EXCITATION
SYSTEM
Checking the field breaker (FB)contacts for any pitting
and cleaning of the contacts.
Recording of parameters of Field breaker components
e.g. closing &tripping coil, FB tripping & closing time.
Overhauling of all thyristor cooling fans.
Checking cleanliness & operation of Airflow monitor
Unit.
Cleaning of each thyristor assembly.
Recording of Gate-Cathode, Anode-Cathode resistance,
of all thyristor.
Reversing of the DC output polarity.
MAINTENANCE ON EXCITATION
SYSTEM

Functional testing and Dummy Load testing:-

 Test point voltages measurement of all electronic modules.

 Checking of software settings of cards as test report.

 Checking of all channels gate pulses at various stages

 Simulations of field breaker after closing permissive.

 Checking and simulation of tripping of FB

 Checking of Window annunciation/ CRCS alarms in control

room by simulation.
 Dummy load test to check thyristor bridges healthiness.
 CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
(FOR TPP above 500MW)
Restore voltage within 2% V norm in negligible time
2x100% channels including independent AVRs, power
converters and controls.
Auto change-over from Auto-1 to Auto-2 or vice versa and
Auto to Manual
Facility for selecting either channel in Auto or Manual mode
PSS -adaptable setting to automatic adjust system reactance
Response time < 0.5 sec, Response ratio > 2
Ceiling voltage shall be greater than 1.5 times
Field forcing -10 seconds

11/7/2012 GS 39
 CEA REGULATION -GRID CONNECTIVITY
AVR with digital control and two separate channels with
independent input and auto change over (New Station)
PSS
For achieving dynamic stability under short circuits
conditions, load rejections, switching on/ off of transmission
lines etc.
Capability
For units close to load, pf 0.85 lag - 0.95 lead and other 0.9
lag - 0.95 lead

Voltage variation +5%, f+3%-5%, Combined+5%

11/7/2012 GS 40
 Standard Title
ANSI/IEEE Std IEEE Standard Definitions for Excitation
421.1 Systems for Synchronous Machines
IEEE Std 421.2 IEEE Guide for Identification, Testing, and
Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of
Excitation Control Systems
IEEE Std 421.3 IEEE Standard for High-Potential
Test Requirements for Excitation
Systems for Synchronous Machines
IEEE Std 421.4 IEEE Guide for the Preparation of
Excitation System Specifications

IEEE Std 421.5 IEEE Recommended practice for Excitation

system models for Power System Studies

11/7/2012 GS 41
 THANKS

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