LESSON 5: WORK,

ENERGY AND
ENERGY
CONSERVATION
WO Work is done
only if a
force causes
RK an object to
move
ANALYSIS OF WORK DONE
IN PHYSICS

Pushing on Carrying a Pushing a Carrying a Lifting

wall book table across book upstairs weights
the room
WORK AS A DOT
PRODUCT
The dot product of A and B
is written as A•B, defined
as
A•B =

4
 A•B =
Where A and B are their
magnitudes and is the
angle between them

5
Work is defined as the
dot product of force (F)
and displacement (d) in
the direction of the
force.
W=
6
TAKE NOTE
a. The cosine of an angle has a
maximum value of 1. thus maximum
work is done by a force when is 0;
that is, it has the same direction with
the displacement
F

d
TAKE NOTE
b. When is 90°, no work is done
because cosine of 90° is 0.

F
d
TAKE NOTE
c. When is greater than 90°, the
computed work will be negative
because of the cosine of an angle
between 90° and 180° is negative.

d F
TAKE NOTE
A negative work means that the force is
acting in a direction opposite that of motion.
The force retards the motion. Work done by
friction and work done by the pull of gravity
when one is going upstairs are examples of
negative work.

F
d
Work is a scalar quantity, thus there is no
direction associated with work. The SI unit of
work is the Newton-meter (N•m) also called
the joule (J) in honor of James Prescott Joule.

One joule is the amount of work done by a

force of 1N in moving a body through a
distance of 1 m.
 EXAMPLE
A 25 N block is being pushed up on a plane
inclined at an angle of 30° with the horizontal
by a 46 N force (F) applied parallel to the plane.
The block moves 3.0 m up the inclined plane.
How much work is done on the block by a)
gravitational force b) force c) friction force d)
normal force. The coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.2.
 𝑭𝑵
𝑭 a. Gravitational force

𝒅
𝒇𝒌 𝜽
𝒘 𝜽=𝟏𝟐𝟎°
𝜽
𝜽 𝒘

. Applied force c. Kinetic friction force d. Normal force

𝒅 𝒅
𝑭 𝑭𝑵

𝜽=𝟎 ° 𝒇𝒌 𝜽=𝟗𝟎 °
𝜽 𝜽 𝜽=𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝜽
 Is defined as the capacity
to do work. A system that
ENERGY possesses energy has the
capability to do work on
another. Energy is
expressed in joules (J) or in
ergs. Energy, like work, is a
scalar quantity.
 is the sum of
MECHANICAL the potential
ENERGY and kinetic
energies of a
body
 Represented by is
the energy
POTENTIAL possessed by a
ENERGY body by virtue of
its position and
configuration
 GRAVITATIONAL
POTENTIAL
ENERGY
Is energy due to the
position of an object
relative to Earth’s
ground.
A raised object possesses
gravitational potential
energy. If it falls back to
its original level, it can do
work. Gravitational
potential energy is given
by the formula.
Gravitational potential
energy ( is given by the
formula𝑈 =𝑚𝑔h
𝐺
 ELASTIC
POTENTIAL
ENERGY
Is energy due to
configuration and is
common in elastic
materials such as
springs.
 Energy is stored in rubber
bands, bowstrings, and
even in clocks or watches
that operate from a
wound-up strings. Elastic
potential energy is given
by
1
𝑈 𝑠= 𝑘 ¿
2
Where is the elongation or compression of
the spring and k is its force constant
 KINETIC
ENERGY
Represented by K, is the
energy possessed by a
body because of its
motion.
It is given by
1 2
𝐾= 𝑚𝑣
2
 EXAMPLE
A 35.0 kg climbs a 6.00 m long slide that
is inclined 30 with the horizontal. What is
the gravitational potential energy of the
child with respect to the ground when she
reaches the top of the slide

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 EXAMPLE
Which has greater kinetic energy:
a 2.0 kg body moving at 3.0 m/s
or a 3.0 kg. body moving at 2.0
m/s?

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WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM
The work-energy theorem states that the
net work done by the forces on an object
equals the change in its kinetic energy.

𝑊 =𝐾 − 𝐾 0
1 2 1 2
𝑊 = 𝑚 𝑣 − 𝑚 𝑣0
2 2
WORK-ENERGY
THEOREM
The work-energy theorem states that the
net work done by the forces on an object
equals the change in its kinetic energy.
𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 =∆ 𝐾𝐸 1 2
𝐾 𝐸= 𝑚 𝑣
𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 2

𝑊 =𝐹𝑑
PO Power (P) is
the rate of

WER doing work

POWER

𝑾 𝑭𝒅𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑷= =
𝒕 𝒕

But where is the average

speed. Therefere,
TAKE NOTE
The SI unit of power is the watt (W)
named after James Watt who
improved the steam engine. One watt
is equal to one joule per second.
Another unit of power is the
horsepower (hp), which is commonly
used to rate motors and engines. One
horsepower is equal to 746 watts.
 EXAMPLE
A 1200 kg car can accelerate from
30.0 m/s to 50.0 m/s in 10.0 s.
neglecting friction and air resistance,
what is the mechanical power that
the engine of the car provides during
the time interval?
CONSERVATION
Energy can
OF ENERGY neither be
created nor
destroyed. It can
only change
from one form
to another
 “The total
CONSERVATION amount of
OF ENERGY energy in the
universe or in
any isolated
A system is considered isolated if it
does not absorb or release energy
system remains
from the surrounding environment constant.”
at the time it is being considered.
TAKE NOTE

In equation form, total energy

(E) in an isolated system is

𝐸=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
CONSERVATIVE
AND
NON
CONSERVATIVE
FORCES
 FIRST
A conservative force is one that can be
represented by a potential energy such that
− ∆ 𝑈𝑥 −∆𝑈𝑦 − ∆ 𝑈𝑧
𝐹 𝑥= 𝐹 𝑥= 𝐹 𝑥=
∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧

𝐹 𝑥 ∆ 𝑥 =−𝑈 𝑥 𝐹 𝑦 ∆ 𝑦 =−𝑈 𝑦 𝐹 𝑧 ∆ 𝑧 =−𝑈 𝑧

or equivalently
𝑊 𝑥 =− 𝑈 𝑥 𝑊 𝑦 =−𝑈 𝑦 𝑊 𝑧 =− 𝑈 𝑧

Where and This means that the work done on a body is equal to
the negative of the change in the potential energy of the body.
SECOND
The work done by a conservative force on an
object is independent of the path taken by
the object. The work done depends only on
the initial and final position of an object.
THIRD

The work done by a conservative

force in moving an object through a
closed loop is zero. This means that
the work done in moving the object,
say from point A to point B, is the
negative of the work done to move
the object from point B to point A.
Examples of conservative force
are gravitational force, elastic
spring force and electrostatic
force. Forces that do not possess
the abovementioned properties
are nonconservative. Friction is an
example of nonconservative force.
 EXAMPLE
A 50.0 kg boy wanted to get a coconut from
the tree. He can do this in two ways: (a) he
can climb the tree with an angle of 180 or
(b) use a ladder of length L=12.0 m and
inclined 1. The height of the tree is 6.0 m.
Find the work done by the gravitational
force on the boy in each case.