Electrical Machines Electrical

machines
•A devices that convert energy from one form to another
using the principles of electromagnetism. Electrical
machines are primarily categorized as motors, generators,
and transformers.

• Electrical machines are primarily categorized as motors,

generators, and transformers.
Electromagnetic Principles

• According to Faraday's Law of

Electromagnetic Induction, an
electromotive force (EMF) is induced in a
conductor by a fluctuating magnetic
field. This law is the foundation for
electrical machine operation.
Electrical Machines Electrical
machines
•A devices that convert energy from one form to another
using the principles of electromagnetism. Electrical
machines are primarily categorized as motors, generators,
and transformers.

• Electrical machines are primarily categorized as motors,

generators, and transformers.
Types of Electrical
Machines
Types of Electrical
Machines
1. Electric Motors
• Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
2. Electric Generators
• Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, used in
power generation.
3. Transformers
• Transfer electrical energy between circuits through
electromagnetic induction, often changing voltage levels.
Types of Electrical
Machines
1. Electric Motors
• Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
2. Electric Generators
• Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, used in
power generation.
3. Transformers
• Transfer electrical energy between circuits through
electromagnetic induction, often changing voltage levels.
 Components of
Electrical Machines
Components of Electrical
1. Stator
Machines
• The stationary part of an electrical machine, such as a motor or
generator.
2. Rotor
• The rotating part of an electrical machine.
3. Windings
• Coils of insulated wire arranged in loops, designed to carry
electrical current.
4. Magnetic Core
• A core made of ferromagnetic material, like iron or steel, that
concentrates and directs the magnetic field in an electrical
Fundamentals of
Electromagnetism
• is a branch of physics that studies the interaction between
electric fields and magnetic fields. It forms the basis of
electrical machines, power systems, communication
devices, and other modern science and technology.
where
:
The 4 Principles of
Electromagnetism
1. Faraday's law
2. Ampere's law
3. Lenz' law
4. Lorentz force.
Some fundamentals of
electromagnetism
1. Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q)
- When matter is exposed to an electromagnetic field, it
experiences a force due to its physical properties.
• Electric Charge
• Electric Field (E)

Where:
E= Electric field intensity
(V/m)
F= Force N
q= Charge (C)
Some fundamentals of
electromagnetism
2. Electromagnetic induction
- Electromagnetic induction is when a changing magnetic field
induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in a conductor.
This phenomenon was first discovered by the renowned
physicist Michael Faraday in the 19th century.

• Faraday's Law
• Lenz's Law
Some fundamentals of
electromagnetism
3. Maxwell's equations
-This explains how the electric charges and electric currents
produce magnetic and electric fields.
• Gauss's Law (Electric)• Faraday's Law
• Gauss's Law (Magnetic)• Ampère's Law (with Maxwell's
correction)
Some fundamentals of
electromagnetism
4. Magnetic field
- Magnetic Field is the region around a magnetic material or a
moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism
acts. • Unit : Tesla
• Magnetic Field (B) • Base Unit :
• Magnetic Flux Density (B)(Newton.Second)/Coulomb
• Symbol: B or H
Some fundamentals of
electromagnetism
5. Electromagnetism at the subatomic level
- A fundamental force of nature that binds subatomic particles
together and is responsible for many physical and chemical
phenomena:
Attraction and repulsion, Atoms, Molecules, and Light.
CONSTRUCTION
OF
DC MACHINES
A DC Machine consist of two
parts:
1. STATOR (Stationary Part) - Magnetic field
System
• Yoke or Frame
• Pole Core
• Pole shoe
• Field Coils
• Inter poles
A DC Machine consist of two
parts:
2. ROTOR (Rotating part) - System of
conductors
• Shaft
• Armature Core
• Armature
• Windings
• Commutator
• Brushes
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES
POLE CORE and POLE SHOE
• The pole core is the vertical
structure that holds the
field coils and provides a
magnetic path while, pole
shoe is the outward
extension of the pole core
that distributes the
magnetic flux over a wider
area of the armature.
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES
YOKE or Frame
• Act as outer protection
cover of machine and
provides mechanical
support of poles.
SHAFT
• is the central rotating part
of the machine.
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES
ARMATURE CORE
• is consists of a laminated
iron core to reduce eddy
current losses. The core
carries the armature
windings and serves as a
medium for inducing
electromotive force (EMF)
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES
ARMATURE WINDINGS
• These are the conductors
wound on the armature core.
When the armature rotates
within the magnetic field, an
EMF is induced in the
windings, which generates
current (in a generator) or
reacts with the field current
to produce torque (in a
motor).
CONSTRUCTION OF DC
MACHINES
COMMUTATOR
• is to collect the current from
armature conductor as well
as a supplies the current to
the load using brushes.
Brushes
• It gather the current from the
commutator and supply it to
the exterior load.
OVERVIEW OF
AC AND DC
MACHINES
OVERVIEW OF AC MACHINES
• AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current) machines
are electrical machines that operate on different types of
current. They both serve as essential components in
various industries, powering everything from household
appliances to industrial machinery.
AC Motors
• (Types of AC Motors) Synchronous Motors: These motors
run at a constant speed, synchronized with the frequency
of the supply current.
OVERVIEW OF AC MACHINES
Induction Motors (Asynchronous Motors)
• The most common type of AC motor. These motors
operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
They do not require external excitation for their rotor (the
part that rotates).
OVERVIEW OF AC MACHINES
Working Principle
• In AC motors, alternating current produces a rotating
magnetic field in the stator, which induces current in the
rotor, causing it to rotate. The speed of the rotor depends
on the frequency of the alternating current.
OVERVIEW OF AC MACHINES
Advantages of AC machines
• Simple construction, especially in induction
motors.
• Low maintenance, as there are no brushes or
slip rings (in most cases).
• Robust and cost-effective.
• Suitable for high-power applications.
Common Types of AC Machines
Alternators (AC generators)
• Convert mechanical
energy into electrical
energy (AC power).
Common Types of AC Machines
Transformers
• Used to change the voltage
level in AC circuits.
OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINES
• DC machines are designed to run on direct current, where
the current flows in one direction. These machines include
DC motors and DC generators.

1. DC Motors( Types of DC
Motors)
Shunt-wound DC Motor
• The field windings are
connected in parallel with the
armature, providing a constant
speed.
OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINES
Series-wound DC Motor
• The field windings are connected
in series with the armature,
allowing for high starting torque
but variable speed.
Compound-wound DC Motor
• A combination of shunt and series-
wound motors, providing a balance
of high starting torque and
relatively constant speed.
OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINES
Working Principle
• In DC motors, current passes through the armature
windings, creating a magnetic field. The interaction
between the magnetic field and the field from the stator
causes the armature to rotate. The direction of rotation is
reversed periodically by the commutator, which ensures
that the motor continues to rotate in the same direction.
OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINES
Advantages of DC motors
• Excellent speed control.
• High starting torque, especially in series-wound motors.
• Smooth operation with less noise and vibration
OVERVIEW OF DC MACHINES
2. DC Generators
• DC generators convert
mechanical energy into
electrical energy (direct
current). They are used in
applications that require a
steady DC supply, such as
battery charging,
electroplating, and small power
plants.
ENERGY CONVERSION
PRINCIPLES
• energy conversion refers
to the process of
transforming energy from
one form into electrical
energy or from electrical
energy into other forms
(such as mechanical,
thermal, or chemical
energy).
 Main principles of
energy conversion in
electrical systems
main principles of energy conversion in
electrical systems
1. Conversion from Mechanical to Electrical Energy
(Electromagnetic Induction)
2. Conversion from Electrical to Mechanical Energy
(Electromechanical Conversion)
3. Conversion from Electrical to Thermal Energy (Joule
Heating)
4. Conversion from Electrical to Light Energy
(Electroluminescence
5. Conversion from Electrical to Chemical Energy (Electrolysis
and Batteries)
main principles of energy conversion in
electrical systems
6. Power Conversion Systems (AC/ DC Conversion)
7. Energy Storage (Batteries and Capacitors)
8. Energy Efficiency in Electrical Conversion
Operating
Principle
Electromagnetic induction
• Is the creation of an electro-motive force (EMF) by way of a
moving magnetic field around an electric conductor and,
conversely, the creation of current by moving an electric
conductor through a static magnetic field.
Faraday's law
• is a law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic
field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (emf).
Operating
Principle
Armature reaction
• refers to the effect of the magnetic field created by the
armature current on the distribution of the main magnetic
field in an electrical machine, whether a motor or a
generator.
Types of DC Machines
Types of DC
Machines
DC generator
• is an electrical machine whose main function is to convert
mechanical energy into electricity.
Shunt Wound Machine
• The field windings are connected in parallel to the
armature (across the same voltage source). This results in
a relatively constant field strength and, therefore, a fairly
constant speed.
Types of DC
Machines
Series Wound Machine
• The field windings are connected in series with the
armature, so the current through the field winding is the
same as the armature current.
Self Excited DC Generator
• This type of generator usually uses magnets that are
charged using a current induced by the generator itself
Types of DC
Machines
Separately Excited DC Generator
• is a type of DC generator where the field winding (which
produces the magnetic field) is powered by an external
source, independent of the armature's current.
Self Excited DC Generator
• This type of generator usually uses magnets that are
charged using a current induced by the generator itself
Types of DC
Machines
DC motor
• is a motor that turns energy from a direct current and turns
this into mechanical energy.
Series-Wound DC Motor
• is a type of DC motor in which the field winding and
armature winding are connected in series.
Shunt-Wound DC Motor
• Is a type of DC motor in which the field winding is
connected in parallel (or shunt) with the armature winding.
Types of DC
Machines
Compound wound DC Motor
• are a hybrid between series wound and shunt wound
motor designs.
Permanent Magnet (PM) DC Motor)
• is a motor that uses permanent magnets to generate the
magnetic field required for the motor’s operation, instead
of using field windings.
Electromotive force
(EMF)
• is the voltage generated in an electrical circuit due to a
changing magnetic field or the movement of conductors
within a magnetic field. In electrical machines like
generators, EMF is induced when the magnetic flux linking
the conductors changes, as described by Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction. It drives current in the circuit
when the machine is connected to a load. In motors, EMF
acts as a counter-EMF, opposing the applied voltage.
Torque
• is the rotational force developed in an electrical machine
due to the interaction of the magnetic fields in the stator
and rotor. It is the result of the electromagnetic force
(Lorentz force) acting tangentially on the rotor conductors.
In motors, torque causes the rotor to spin, converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy. In generators,
the applied mechanical torque drives the rotor, which
generates electrical energy. Torque is governed by the
equation T = k *Φ *
where T is the torque, Φ is the magnetic flux, I is the current, and k is a machine
constant.
I
Fundamental Principles
• Torque in electrical machines is derived from the
interaction between the current-carrying conductors and
the magnetic field in the machine. Here's how to derive the
torque equation: F = B * I * L *
sinθ
F: Force on the conductor (Newtons)In most machines, conductors are arranged such
B: Magnetic flux density (Tesla) that θ = 90°, making sinθ = 1.

I: Current through the conductor (Amperes)

L: Length of the conductor in the magnetic field (meters)
θ: Angle between the conductor and the magnetic field
(radians)
EMF Equation for a DC
Machine
• A DC machine can function as either a generator
(producing EMF) or a motor (counter-EMF is produced).

Derivation:

The fundamental principle is based on Faraday's Law of

Electromagnetic Induction, which states that the induced EMF
is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkage.
 1.Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction
E=B*l*v
Where:
• E: Induced EMF in the conductor (Volts)
• B: Magnetic flux density (Webers per square meter)
• l: Length of the conductor (in meters)
• v: Velocity of the conductor (in meters per second)
This equation quantifies the relationship between the magnetic
field, the conductor's motion, and the resulting induced voltage.
2. Considerations for the Armature of a DC
Machine:
• In a DC machine, the armature is composed of several
conductors arranged in parallel paths. These conductors are
connected to the commutator.
• As the armature rotates, each conductor moves through the
magnetic field, which cuts the magnetic flux lines.
Step-by-Step Derivation:
Let's assume the armature consists of Z conductors, and it
rotates at a speed of N revolutions per minute (RPM). The
magnetic flux per pole is Φ (in Weber). The armature is wound
with A parallel paths. The number of poles in the machine is P.
3. Induced EMF in a Single Conductor
Velocity of a conductor:
• The velocity of a conductor at a point on the armature can be
expressed as:
v=r*ω
Where:
r: Radius of the armature (in meters)
ω: Angular velocity in radians per second (ω = 2πN/60, because N is
in RPM)

Length of the Conductor:

The length of the conductor cutting the magnetic field is
proportional to the circumference of the armature, which is 2πr
4. EMF for the Entire Armature
Using Faraday's law, the EMF induced in a single conductor is:
E_single = B * l * v
Substituting the values for l and v:
E_single = B * (2πr) * (rω)
Simplifying:
E_single = B * 2πr²ω
Substituting the value of ω:
E_single = B * 2πr² * (2πN/60)
This equation gives the EMF induced in a single conductor on the
armature of a DC machine.
Explanation of Terms:
• P: Number of poles: The machine has P poles, and the number of
times the flux lines are cut by the armature conductors is related
to P.
• N: Speed of the armature (in RPM): The faster the armature
rotates, the greater the frequency of flux cutting, leading to a
higher EMF.
• Z: Total number of armature conductors: More conductors lead to
a higher total EMF.
• Φ: Flux per pole (in Weber): The magnetic flux linking the
armature conductors. More flux means more induced EMF.
• A: Number of parallel paths: This accounts for how the
conductors are connected in the armature winding. In lap
winding, A = P, while in wave winding, A = 2.
Final EMF Equation:
• The final EMF equation for a DC machine is:

E = (P * N * Z * Φ) / (60 * A)
 1.Consider the Basic Principle of Faraday's Law
• Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states:

EMF induced = -N * (dΦ/dt)

N: Number of turns in the coil

Φ: Magnetic flux linking the coil
dΦ/dt: Rate of change of flux with respect to time
 2. Flux in an AC Machine
• In an AC machine, the flux varies sinusoidally with time. Let the
flux at any instant t be given by:

Φ = Φm * sin(ωt)

Φm: Maximum magnetic flux (peak value)

ω: Angular velocity of the flux wave, ω = 2πf
f: Frequency of the AC supply
 3. Calculate dΦ/dt
• Differentiating Φ = Φm * sin(ωt) with respect to time:

dΦ/dt = Φm * ω * cos(ωt)
dΦ/dt = Φm * ω * sin(ωt + π/2)
Applications of DC machines
(US/ME)
• DC machines (direct current machines) are adaptable and
find use in a variety of fields. Depending on whether they
are utilized as DC generators or DC motors, their
applications can be divided into two categories:
Applications of DC Motors
1. Industrial Applications:
• Lathes, Drills, and Shapers
• Rolling Mills
• Crane and Hoists
2. Electric Traction
3. Elevators and Escalators
4. Battery-Operated Applications:
• •Electric Vehicles
• •Forklifts
5. Home Appliances
6. Robotics and Automation

Applications of DC Generators
1. Excitation of Alternators
2. Electrochemical Processes
3. Battery Charging
4. Laboratory Applications
5. Backup Power Systems