Scribd
Upload
13 views15 pages

Ant Part 1

Uploaded by

ejamal288
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views15 pages

Ant Part 1

Uploaded by

ejamal288
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

9.

RADIATION &
ANTENNAS
7e Applied EM by Ulaby and Ravaioli
Overview
Antennas are made in various shapes and sizes (Fig. 9-2) and
are used in radio and television broadcasting and reception,
radio-wave communication systems, cellular telephones, radar
systems, and anticollision automobile sensors, among many
other applications.

The radiation and impedance properties of an antenna are


governed by its shape, size, and material properties.

The dimensions of an antenna are usually measured in units of λ


of the wave it is launching or receiving; a 1 m long dipole
antenna operating at a wavelength λ = 2 m exhibits the same
properties as a 1 cm long dipole operating at λ = 2 cm (Hence,
in most of our discussions in this chapter, we refer to antenna
dimensions in wavelength units).
Examples of Antennas
Our project:
PIFA (Planar Inverted F
Antenna) is one of the
most used in mobile
devices, fundamentally
for it reduced size. (details
later)
MIMO, or Multiple Input Multiple Output, utilizes multiple antennas at both the
transmitter and the receiver (smartphone) to increase link reliability and spectral
efficiency.
Antenna Properties
1. An antenna is a transducer
that converts a guided wave
propagating on a transmission
line into an electromagnetic
wave propagating in an
unbounded medium (usually free
2. Mostor
space), antennas are reciprocal
vice versa.
devices, exhibiting the same
radiation pattern for transmission
as for reception.

3. Being a reciprocal device, an


antenna, when operating in the
receiving mode, can extract from
an incident wave only that
component of the wave whose
electric field matches the
RECIPROCITY THEOREM

Statement: "In any linear and bilateral network consisting the


linear and bilateral impedance the ratio of voltage V applied
between any two terminals to the current I measured in any
branch is same as the ratio V to I obtained by interchanging the
positions of voltage source and the ammeter used for current
measurement."

The ratio V to I is generally called transfer impedance. Here both


the voltage source and ammeter are assumed to have zero
impedance. This theorem holds good if both, voltage source and
ammeter have same internal impedances.

This theorem is equally useful in the circuit theory as well as the


field theory. Let us consider that the antenna system is
represented as a 4-terminal network with pair of terminals at
input and another pair of terminals at the output. It is also called
two port network as pair of terminals is defined as port. The 4-
The directional function characterizing the relative distribution of
power radiated by an antenna is known as the antenna radiation
pattern, or simply the antenna pattern.

An isotropic antenna is a hypothetical antenna that radiates equally


in all directions, and it is often used as a reference radiator when
describing the radiation properties of real antennas.
Far-Field Approximation
1. In close proximity to
a radiating source, the
wave is spherical in
shape, but at a far
distance, it becomes
approximately a plane
wave as seen by a
receiving antenna.

2. The far-field
approximation simplifies
the math.

3. The distance beyond


which the far-field
approximation is valid is
called the far-field range
Near and Far Field Regions

antenna

The field patterns, associated with an antenna, change with


distance and are associated with two types of energy: radiating
energy and reactive energy. Hence, the space surrounding an
antenna can be divided into three regions.
Radiation sources
Radiation sources fall into two categories: currents and aperture
fields.

The dipole and loop antennas [Fig. 9-2(a) and (c)] are examples
of current sources; the time-varying currents flowing in the
conducting wires give rise to the radiated electromagnetic fields.

A horn antenna [Fig. 9-2(g)] is an example of the second group


because the electric and magnetic fields across the horn’s
aperture serve as the sources of the radiated fields. The aperture
fields are themselves induced by time-varying currents on the
surfaces of the horn’s walls, and therefore ultimately all radiation
is due to time-varying currents.

The choice of currents or apertures as the sources is merely a


computational convenience arising from the structure of the
antenna. We will examine the radiation processes associated with

You might also like