Rotary Drilling -7

7-1 Drilling Rig Types

Drilling Rig Types
 7-2 Well Types
A- Well Type according the Objectives :-

The objectives of the exploration well will be:

1. To determine the presence of hydrocarbons.

2. To provide geological data (cores, logs) for evaluation.
3. To flow test the well to determine its production potential, and
obtain fluid samples.
The length of the exploration phase will depend on the success
or otherwise of the exploration wells. There may be a single
exploration well or many exploration wells drilled on a prospect. If
an economically attractive discovery is made on the prospect then
the company enters the Appraisal phase of the life of the field .
 During this phase more seismic lines may be shot and more
wells will be drilled to establish the lateral and vertical extent of ( to
delineate ) the reservoir. These appraisal wells will yield further
information, on the basis of which future plans will be based. The
information provided by the appraisal wells will be combined with
all of the previously collected data and engineers will investigate the
most cost effective manner in which to develop the field. If the
prospect is deemed to be economically attractive a Field
Development Plan will be submitted for approval to the Secretary of
State for Energy.

Development wells and constructing the production facilities

according to the Development Plan. Once the field is ‘on-stream’ the
companies’ commitment continues in the form of maintenance of
both the wells and all of the production facilities.
 SEISMIC SURVEY
Drilling Flow chart
DRILL EXPLORATION WELL
DRILL APPRAISAL
WELL
MUD LOGGING Lithological And Textural Description Of Formation from Drill Cutting ,
Hydrocarbon Shows

Lithological And Textural Description from massive samples used for

CORING
laboratory analysis on Porosity ,Permeability , Capillary Pressure

Electric , Radioactive and sonic tools provide quantitative assessment of

WELL LOGGING fluid type and distribution

Flow from the well allows large representative samples of the reservoir
WELL TESTING fluid to be recovered , pressure response of reservoir allows extent ,
producibility and drive mechanisms of the reservoir to be evaluated

EVALUATE INFORMATIN

RESERVOIR MODEL

ECONOMIC MODEL

DRILL DEVELOPMENT WELLS

 The Life of an oil/ gas well
The life of an oil or gas field can be sub-divided into the following
phases:
Maint Aband
Drill Produ
enanc onmen
ing ction e t
1. Drilling ( drilling holes ( 3 or 4 hole ) each hole pass through :-
• Drilling operation.
o Reaming
o Run in hole casing
o Cementing Operations
o Work on Well Head
o Logging
• Completion
• Testing
2. Production
3. Maintenance ( Workover) ( Stimulation , Artificial lifting , EOR)
4. Abandonment
 Rig Personnel

Drilling Program
Drilling Phase
The operations involved in
drilling a well can be best
illustrated by considering the
sequence of events involved in
drilling the well shown in Figure
below , The dimensions (depths
and diameters) used in this
example are typical of those found
in the ”IRAQ “ but could be
different in other parts of the
world. For simplicity the process of
drilling a land well will be
considered below.
Hole
Geometry
Most Common size
Completion Phase
If all the indications from
these tests are good then
the oil company will
decide to complete the
well .
Completion Operations:
1. Run in hole Tubing
Pipe.
2. Packer seating
3. Perforation
4. Flow test .
B- Well Type according the well profile :-
1- Vertical Wells .

Target ( reservoir )
2- Directional wells
TYPE I: Build and Hold ( J Shape ).
TYPE II : Build Hold Drop ( S Shape ).
TYPE III: Deep Kick off Point and Build ( L shape )

TYPE I: Build and Hold ( J Shape ) TYPE II : Build Hold Drop ( S Shape ) TYPE III: Deep KOP and Build ( L shape )
3- Horizontal wells

Build Section

Target ( reservoir )
Horizontal Section
 Drilling Rig Components -8
Drilling rig systems :-
A. Circulating System
B. Rotating Equipment
C. Hoisting System
D. Well-Control Equipment
E. Power System
F. Pipe and Pipe-Handling Equipment
G. Miscellaneous
Drilling Rig equipments :-
A- Circulating System C- Hoisting System E- Power System
1. Mud pits 1. Derrick 1-Generators
2. Mud pumps 2. Draw works,
3. Standpipe 3. Crown block, F- Pipe and Pipe-Handling
4. Rotary hose 4. Travelling block, Equipment
5. Bulk mud storage 5. Drilling Line(Fast line, Dead line) 1. Pipe racks
6. Mud return line 6. Deal line Anchor, 2. Catwalk
7. Shale shaker 7. Storage Reel, 3. V-door
8. Desilter 8. Hook 4. Rathole
9. Desander
10. Degasser
11. Reserve pits
B- Rotating Equipment D- Well-Control Equipment G- Miscellaneous
1) swivel. 1. Annular blowout preventer 1. Doghouse
(2) rotary hose. 2. Ram blowout preventers 2. Cellar
(3) kelly. 3. Accumulator unit 3. Hoisting line
(4) kelly pushing 4. Choke manifold 4. Gin pole
(5) rotary table . 5. Mud-gas separator
(6) drillstring.
A- Circulating System
1. Mud pits
2. Mud pumps
3. Standpipe
4. Rotary hose
5. Bulk mud storage
6. Mud return line
7. Shale shaker
8. Desilter
9. Desander
10.Degasser
11.Reserve pits
 MUD CYCLE
The circulating system is used to
circulate drilling fluid down
through the drillstring and up
the annulus, carrying the drilled
cuttings from the face of the bit
to surface.
The main components of the
circulating system are shown in
Figure 6.
However, the two main functions
of the drilling fluid are:
1. To clean the hole of cuttings
made by the bit
2. To exert a hydrostatic pressure
sufficient to prevent formation
fluids entering the borehole
 MUD PUMP :
Positive displacement type pumps are used (reciprocating pistons) to deliver the
high volumes and high pressures required to circulate mud through the drillstring
and up the annulus. There are two types of positive displacement pumps in
common use:
(i) Duplex (2 cylinders) - double acting
(ii) Triplex (3 cylinders) - single acting
Triplex pumps are generally used in offshore rigs and duplex pumps
on land rigs.
-Duplex pumps have two cylinders and are double-acting (i.e. pump
on the up-stroke and the down-stroke).

- Triplex pumps have three cylinders and are single-acting (i.e. pump
on the up-stroke only). Triplex pumps have the advantages of being
lighter, give smoother discharge and have lower maintenance
costs.
Surge chamber
B- Rotating Equipment
The function of the rotary
system is to transmit rotation to
the drillstring and consequently
rotate the bit. During drilling
operation, this rotation is to the
right.
(1) swivel.
(2) Rotary hose.
(3) kelly.
(4) Rotary drive (master pushing, kelly
pushing)
(5) Rotary Table OR Top drive
(6) drillstring.
 The rotary system is used to
rotate the drillstring, and
therefore the drill bit, on the
bottom of the borehole. The
rotary system includes all the
equipment used to achieve bit
rotation
The swivel is positioned at
the top of the drillstring. It
has 3 functions:
1. Supports the weight of
the drill string
2. Permits the string to
rotate
3. Allows mud to be
pumped while the string
is rotating
Rotary Table or Top Drive
Advantage of TD System :
1. Use of longer stands in the derrick (3 instead of 1 joint)
2. Higher Day rate
3. Back reaming
4. Washing and reaming
5. Decease possibility “stuck pipe”
6. Less joint connection has to made
7. Well control improvement

Disadvantage of TD system :-
1. Most frequently reason for NPT
2. Quickly engage the pumps or the rotary while tripping pipe
3. Derrick capacity reduced
4. Lack of experience of rig crew
5. More wear on drilling line .
 C- Hoisting System
The main task of the
hoisting system is to lower
and raise the drillstring,
casings, and other
subsurface equipment into
or out of the well. The
hoisting equipment itself
consists of:
1. Derrick
2. Draw works,
3. Crown block,
4. Travelling block,
5. Drilling Line(Fast line, Dead line)
6. Deal line Anchor,
7. Storage Reel,
8. Hook
1- Derrick
Derricks are classified (or rated) by the
American Petroleum Institute (API) according to
their height as well as their ability to withstand
wind and compressive loads. API has published
standards for the particular specifications.
The higher the derrick is, the longer stands it
can handle which in turn reduces the tripping
time. Derricks that are capable to handle stands
of two, three or four joints are called to be able
to pull “doubles”, “thribbles”, or “fourbles”
respectively.
Main parts :
1- rig floor
2 - substructure
3- monkey board
4- Derrick board
Procedure for Adding Drillpipe when Drilling Ahead:
When drilling ahead the top of the kelly will eventually reach the
rotary table (this is known as kelly down). At this point a new joint of
pipe must be added to the string in order to drill deeper.
2- Draw Work .
 Block -3 ( 3 -Crown block , 4 -Travelling block)
The crown block, the travelling block and the drilling line
comprise the block and tackle which permits the handling of large
loads. To lift and lower the heavy loads into and out of the borehole,
the drilling line is strung multiple times between the crown and the
travelling block.
D- Well-Control Equipment
1. Annular blowout preventer (Hydril)
2. Ram blowout preventers ( Blind Ram , Pipe Ram , Share Ram)
3. Accumulator unit
4. Choke manifold
5. Mud-gas separator
 1-Annular preventor :-
The main component of the annular BOP is a high tensile strength,
circular rubber packing unit. The rubber is moulded around a series of
metal ribs. The packing unit can be compressed inwards against
drillpipe by a piston, operated by hydraulic power.

Annular Preventor
Annular preventor - designed to seal off the annulus between the
drillstring and the side of hole (may also seal off open hole if kick
occurs while the pipe is out of the hole). These are made of synthetic
rubber which, when expanded, will seal off the cavity.
 The advantage of such a well control device is that the packing
element will close off around any size or shape of pipe. An annular
preventer will also allow pipe to be stripped in (run into the well whilst
containing annulus pressure) and out and rotated, although its service
life is much reduced by these operations. The rubber packing element
should be frequently inspected for wear and is easily replaced.
The annular preventer provides an effective pressure seal (2000 or
5000 psi) and is usually the first BOP to be used when closing in a well .
2- Ram type preventor - designed to seal off the annulus by
ramming large rubber faced blocks of steel together. Different types
are available:
1. blind rams - seal off in open hole
2. pipe rams - seal off around drillpipe
3. shear rams - sever drillpipe (used as last resort)
4. Seal
E. Power System . (Engines)
The power system of a rotary drilling rig has to supply the
following main components:
(1) Rotary system,
(2) Hoisting system and
(3) Drilling fluid circulation system. In addition, auxiliaries like the
blowout preventer, boiler-feed water pumps, rig lighting system, etc.
have to be powered.

Since the largest power consumers on a rotary drilling rig are the
hoisting and the circulation system, these components determine
mainly the total power requirements. At ordinary drilling .
operations, the hoisting (lifting and lowering of the drillstring,
casings, etc.) and the circulation system are not operated at the
same time. Therefore the same engines can be engaged to perform
both functions.
1- Rig Power System . (Electric rigs )
2- Rig Power System (Mechanic rigs )

Mud system
Lighting