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Equations and Graphs

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14 views28 pages

Equations and Graphs

Uploaded by

bcynfn159
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1 Equations and Graphs

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Graphs of Equations in Two
1.2 Variables; Circles

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Objectives
■ Graphing Equations by Plotting Points

■ Intercepts
■ Circles
■ Symmetry

3
Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Circles

An equation in two variables, such as y = x2 + 1,


expresses a relationship between two quantities.

A point (x, y) satisfies the equation if it makes the equation


true when the values for x and y are substituted into the
equation.

For example, the point (3, 10) satisfies the equation


y = x2 + 1 because 10 = 32 + 1, but the point (1, 3) does
not, because 3  12 + 1.

4
Graphs of Equations in Two Variables; Circles

5
Graphing Equations by Plotting
Points

6
Graphing Equations by Plotting Points
The graph of an equation is a curve, so to graph an
equation, we plot as many points as we can, then connect
them by a smooth curve.

7
Example 1 – Sketching a Graph by Plotting Points

Sketch the graph of the equation 2x – y = 3.

Solution:
We first solve the given equation for y to get

y = 2x – 3

This helps us calculate the y-coordinates in the following


table.

8
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

Of course, there are infinitely many points on the graph,


and it is impossible to plot all of them.

But the more points we plot, the better we can imagine


what the graph represented by the equation looks like.

9
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

We plot the points we found in Figure 1; they appear to lie


on a line. So we complete the graph by joining the points by
a line.

Figure 1
10
Intercepts

11
Intercepts
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects
the x-axis are called the x-intercepts of the graph and are
obtained by setting y = 0 in the equation of the graph.

The y-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects


the y-axis are called the y-intercepts of the graph and are
obtained by setting x = 0 in the equation of the graph.

12
Intercepts

13
Example 5 – Finding Intercepts
Find the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of the equation
y = x2 – 2.

Solution:
To find the x-intercepts, we set y = 0 and solve for x. Thus
0 = x2 – 2 Set y = 0

x2 = 2 Add 2 to each side

Take the square root

The x-intercepts are


14
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

To find the y-intercepts, we set x = 0 and solve for y. Thus

y = 02 – 2 Set x = 0

y = –2

The y-intercept is –2.

15
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

The graph of this equation is sketched in Figure 5 with the


x- and y-intercepts labeled.

Figure 5
16
Circles

17
Circles

18
Example 9 – Finding an Equation of a Circle

(a) Find an equation of the circle with radius 3 and center


(2, –5).

(b) Find an equation of the circle that has the points


P(1, 8) and Q(5, –6) as the endpoints of a diameter.

Solution:
(a) Using the equation of a circle with r = 3, h = 2, and
k = –5, we obtain

(x – 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 9

19
Example 9 – Solution cont’d

The graph is shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11

20
Example 9 – Solution cont’d

(b) We first observe that the center is the midpoint of the


diameter PQ, so by the Midpoint Formula the center is

The radius r is the distance from P to the center, so by


the Distance Formula

r2 = (3 – 1)2 + (1 – 8)2 = 22 + (–7)2 = 53

Therefore the equation of the circle is

(x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 = 53
21
Example 9 – Solution cont’d

The graph is shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12

22
Symmetry

23
Symmetry
Figure 13 shows the graph of y = x2. Notice that the part of
the graph to the left of the y-axis is the mirror image of the
part to the right of the y-axis.

The reason is that if the point (x, y) is on the graph, then so


is (–x, y), and these points are reflections of each other
about the y-axis.

Figure 13 24
Symmetry
In this situation we say that the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis.

Similarly, we say that a graph is symmetric with respect


to the x-axis if whenever the point (x, y) is on the graph,
then so is (x, –y).

A graph is symmetric with respect to the origin if


whenever (x, y) is on the graph, so is (–x, –y). (We often
say symmetric “about” instead of “with respect to.”)

25
Symmetry

26
Example 11 – Using Symmetry to Sketch a Graph

Test the equation x = y2 for symmetry and sketch the


graph.

Solution:
If y is replaced by –y in the equation x = y2, we get

x = (–y)2 Replace y by –y

x = y2 Simplify

and so the equation is equivalent to the original one.


Therefore the graph is symmetric about the x-axis.
27
Example 11 – Solution cont’d

But changing x to –x gives the equation –x = y2, which is


not equivalent to the original equation, so the graph is not
symmetric about the y-axis.

We use the symmetry about the x-axis to sketch the graph


by first plotting points just for y > 0 and then reflecting the
graph about the x-axis, as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14 28

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