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Lecture-1-Bituminous-Materials

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14 views

Lecture-1-Bituminous-Materials

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Joseph John Rodriguez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 1

Bituminous Materials
Bitumens
Bitumens- is chemically a hydrocarbon and insoluble in water. But it
entirely dissolves in alkalies, alkaline carbonates, benzol,
chloroform, bisulphide, naptha, coal tar, petroleum spirit, and oil of
turpentine.
It holds 87% carbon, 11% hydrogen, and 2% oxygen (by weight). It
is produced in a solid or semi-solid state and black or brown in
color.
The refining of crude oil produces a thick, viscous, black or dark-
colored, sticky substance known as bitumen, which is commonly
used as a binding material for road construction, roofing, and
waterproofing.
In road construction, a mixture of bitumen and aggregates, such as
gravel and sand, is created to make asphalt concrete. This material
is used as a surface for roads, airport runways, and parking lots.
Bitumens

Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea


Bitumen vs. Asphalt
• Worldwide, geologists tend to favor the term bitumen for the naturally
occurring material.
• For the manufactured material, which is a refined residue from
the distillation process of selected crude oils, bitumen is the prevalent
term in much of the world; however, in American English, asphalt is
more commonly used.
• Asphalt concrete is a composite material commonly used to
surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of
embankment dams. Asphalt mixtures have been used in
pavement construction since the beginning of the twentieth
century.
• It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with bitumen
(a substance also independently known as asphalt), laid in
layers, and compacted.
Coal/Wood Tar

• Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon,
obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive
distillation.
• Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat.[1]
• Mineral products resembling tar can be produced from fossil hydrocarbons,
such as petroleum.
• Coal tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production.
• The coal-tar is chiefly been used as a preservative for wood;
• The wood-tar variety has been used for meat preservation, ship treatment,
• Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of
historic, shingle-roofed churches, as well as painting exterior walls of log
buildings.

• Pine tar oil, or wood tar oil, is used for the surface treatment of wooden
shingle roofs, boats, buckets, and tubs and in the medicine, soap, and
rubber industries.
Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety
of organic materials through destructive distillation.
Uses of Bituminous Materials

Main uses today


• Road construction
• Roofing
• Waterproofing material
For engineering purposes, bituminous materials include mainly
• asphalt
• tar
Asphalt
Natural Asphalts

• Lake asphalt – occurs in form of a lake


a. Bermudez asphalt –asphalt crude is dug from Bermudez ‘pitch’
lake. Estimated to be 2 million tons
b. Trinidad asphalt – asphalt lake on the island of Trinidad.
estimated to be 10 million tons
• Kentucky Rock asphalt – impregnated in sandstone with asphalt.
Blended to 7% asphalt and crushed to sand grain sizes and used
as surfacing material for highway. Good anti-skid qualities.
• Gilsonite – a hard and brittle asphalt mined in Utah.
-lighter in color
-Used mainly in varnishes and papers where hard solid asphalt is
required
Pitch Lake, Brea, Trinidad
Kentucky Rock Asphalt
Gilsonite
Manufacture of asphalt
• Asphalt is obtained from residue of petroleum distillations

Gasoline

Kerosene
Distillation
Crude oil
>510°C
Diesel

Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the


component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically
Lub. Oil
discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the
selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a
still.
asphalt
3 Types of Crude oils
1. Asphaltic base - “heavy crude oil”
• contains more than 40% asphalt
2. Mixed base (intermediate)
• Contains 10-25% asphalt
3. Paraffin base “light or sweet crude oil”
• High in paraffin wax content
• Asphalt is not produced from this crude
• Paraffin makes the asphalt more temp susceptible
Paraffin wax

Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that
consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40 carbon atoms. It is solid at room
temperature and begins to melt above approximately 37 °C , and its boiling point is above 370 °C . Common
applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed paraffin wax can be
made into crayons.
Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid
derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale that consists of a
mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between 20 and 40
carbon atoms. It is solid at room temperature and begins to
melt above approximately 37 °C , and its boiling point is above
370 °C . Common applications for paraffin wax
include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles; dyed
paraffin wax can be made into crayons.
Types of asphalts
• Asphalt cement-asphalt that is refined to meet specifications for
paving or other special purposes. A highly viscous, semi-solid material
retained after fuel oils and lubricating oils removed from petroleum.
Shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 226.
• Liquid Asphalt – (Cutback)- mixing asphalt cement with petroleum
solvents.
• Used to reduce asphalt viscosity for lower temperature uses (
tack coats, fog seals, slurry seals, stabilization material).
• Similar to emulsified asphalts, after a cutback asphalt is
applied the petroleum solvent evaporates leaving behind
asphalt cement residue on the surface to which it was
applied.
Emulsified Asphalt-mixtures of water, asphalt cement in form of
minute droplets, and small amount of emulsifying agents.
Types of Cutback asphalts

• Rapid-curing cutback – asphalt cement mixed with gasoline or


naphtha. Shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 81
• Medium-curing cutback – asphalt cement mixed with a solvent of
medium volatility(usually kerosene). Shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M 82
• Slow-curing cutback – mixture of asphalt cement and a solvent of
low volatility (such as diesel ). It is usually obtained from the
residue of petroleum distillation. (heavy oil and asphalt)
Types of Emulsified Asphalts
• Asphalt emulsions are classified into three categories:
•Cationic emulsion-asphalt droplets are positively charged. Acidic
solution PH<7. Can coat silica well. Shall conform to AASHTO M 208
•Anionic emulsion-asphalt droplets are negatively charged. Basic
solution PH>7. Can coat limestone well. Conforms to AASHTO M 140
(ASTM D 977)
• Non-ionic emulsion-asphalt droplets are not charged.
• The anionic and cationic classes refer to the electrical
charges surrounding the asphalt particles.
Cationic vs Anionic emulsion
Types of asphalt emulsions
Asphalt emulsions are further classified on the basis of how
quickly they coalesce; i.e., revert to asphalt cement.
• Rapid-setting(RS)
-sets rapidly
-high demulsibility. It can be demulsified by adding a small amount of
calcium chloride
• Medium setting(MS)
- good mixing characteristics with coarse aggregate
- can be demulsified by a relatively large amount of calcium chloride
-passes the stone cutting test
• Mix MS with coarse aggregate for 5 minutes
• Rinse the mixture of water
• A large percentage of aggregate has to remain coated
Types of asphalt emulsions
• Slow setting(SS)
- sets slowly
-very stable (it does not demulsify easily)
- passes the cement mixing test

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