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    Class 10 Maths Statistics notes

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    Class 10 Maths Statistics notes

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    Class 10 Maths Statistics notes

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    ishikayadav235

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    Statistics

    • A study dealing with the collection, presentation and interpretation and


    analysis of data is called statistics.

    Data
    • Facts/figures, numerical or otherwise, collected for a definite purpose
    are called data.

    Frequency
    • The number of times a particular instance occurs is called frequency in
    statistics.
    Ungrouped data

    • Ungrouped data is data in its original or raw form. The observations


    are not classified into groups.
    Grouped data
    In grouped data, observations are organized in groups or classes.
    Classes
    • The groups used to classify the data .eg: 20- 30,30-40,...
    Upper Limit
    • In each class interval the greatest number is the upper class limit.
    eg: For class 20-30 Upper Limit is 30
    Lower Limit
    • In each class interval the smallest number is the lower class limit.
    eg: For class 20-30 lower Limit is 20
    Class Interval or class size or class width
    • It is the difference between the upper limit and the lower limit of a
    class
    Class width = upper class limit – lower class limit
    Central Tendencies
    • Central Tendencies in Statistics are the numerical values that are used to
    represent mid-value or central value a large collection of numerical data.

    • The representative value of a data set, generally the central value or the most
    occurring value that gives a general idea of the whole data set is called Measure of
    Central Tendency.

    • Some of the most commonly used measures of central tendency are:


     Mean
     Median
     Mode
    Mean:
    The mean is also known as the average, and it is calculated by
    adding up all the values in a data set and dividing by the total
    number of values.
    Mode:
    The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set.

    Median:
    The median is the middle value of a data set, which separates the highest
    and values equally. It is calculated by arranging the data set in order from
    lowest to highest and finding the value in the exact middle.
    Mean

    • Mean is denoted by
    MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA

    If
    x1, x2,. . ., xn are observations with respective frequencies f1, f2, . . ., fn, then t
    his means observation x1 occurs f1 times, x2 occurs f2 times, and so on.
    Now, the sum of the values of all the observations =f1x1 +f2x2 + . . . +fnxn, an
    d the number of observations = f1 + f2 + . . . + fn .

    So, the mean of the data is given by


    MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
    There are three methods to find mean of grouped data
    • DIRECT METHOD
    Step 1: Divide the data into intervals and determine the frequency of each
    period for each class.
    Step 2: Calculate the class mark (xi) for each class by dividing the sum of upper
    and lower class limits by 2.
    Step 3: For each class, tabulate the product of the class mark(xi) and the
    associated frequency (fi). Determine their total (∑xifi).
    Step 4: To find the mean, divide the total above by the sum of frequencies (∑fi).
    In direct method the formula to find the mean is:
    Assumed Mean Method to Find Mean
    Step 1: Divide the data into intervals and determine the frequency of each period for each class.
    Step 2: Calculate the class mark by dividing the sum of upper and lower class limits by 2.
    Step 3: choose one among the xi’s as the assumed mean, and denote it by ‘a ’.
    we may take ‘a ’ to be that xi which lies in the centre of x1 , x2, . . ., xn

    Step 4: Determine how ′a′ deviates from each of the xi this is the difference di between a and each of
    the xi’s, which is di=xi−a
    Step 5:For each class, tabulate the product of the deviation (di) and the associated frequency (fi)
    Determine their total (∑xidi).
    Step 6: Calculate the mean using the formula
    Where a= assumed mean
    fi= frequency of class
    di= xi- a

    *The value of the mean obtained does not depend on the choice of ‘a ’.
    Step-deviation method
    This method is used when the data is vey large
    Step 2: Calculate the class mark by dividing the sum of upper and lower class limits by 2.
    Step 3: choose one among the xi’s as the assumed mean, and denote it by ‘a ’.
    we may take ‘a ’ to be that xi which lies in the centre of x1 , x2, . . ., xn

    Step 4: Determine how ′a′ deviates from each of the xi this is the difference di between a and each of
    the xi’s, which is di=xi−a
    Step 5: Find ui =(xi −a )/h, where h is the class size.
    Step 6: Apply the formula to find the mean

    Where a= assumed mean


    h= class size
    fi= frequency of class
    the stepdeviation method will be convenient to apply if all the di’s
    have a common factor.
    . The mean obtained by all the three methods is the same.
    . The assumed mean method and step-
    deviation method are just simplified forms of the direct method.
    Mode

    Mode of ungrouped data


    Mode is that value among the observations which occurs most often, that is, the value of the observation
    having the maximum frequency

    The wickets taken by a bowler in 10 cricket matches are as follows:


    2 6 4 5 0 2 1 3 2 3

    The number of wickets taken by the bowler in the maximum number (i.e., 3) of
    matches. So, the mode of this data is 2.
    Mode of grouped data
    In a grouped frequency distribution, it is not possible to determine the mode by looking at
    the frequencies.
    Here, we can only locate a class with the maximum frequency, called the modal class

    The mode is a value inside the modal class, and is given by the formula:
    Median of Ungrouped Data
    Median is a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle-most observation in the data.
    For finding the median of ungrouped data, we first arrange the data values of the observations in ascending
    order.

    If n is odd, the median is the ] th observation.

    If n is even, then the median will be the average of the ] th and ] th


    observations.
    We have to find the median of the following data, which gives the marks, out of 50,
    obtained by 100 students in a test

    here n =100 which is even, then the median will be the average of the th and
    observations.
    Now we add another column depicting this information to the frequency table above and
    name it as cumulative frequency column.

    From the table above, we see that: 50th observaton is 28 and the 51st observation is 29
    Median of Grouped Data
    Consider a grouped frequency distribution of marks obtained, out of 100, by 53
    students, in a certain examination, as follows:

     To find the Median we need to find the Cummulative Frequency


     If the frequency of the first-class interval is added to the frequency of the
    second class, and this sum is added to the third class and so on then,
    frequencies that are obtained this way are known as cumulative
    frequency (c.f.).
    Cumulative frequency distribution of the less than
    type.

    Here 10, 20, 30, . . . 100, are the upper limits of the respective class
    intervals.
    Cumulative frequency distribution of the more than
    type.

    Here 0, 10, 20, . . ., 90 give the lower limits of the respective class
    intervals.
    Steps to Calculate Median of Grouped Data
    d the cumulative frequencies of all the classes which is the sum of frequencies of clas
    ken in order.
    find the total number of observations which is n
     Locate the class whose cumulative frequency is greater than (and nearest
    to) .This is the MEDIAN CLASS

     After finding the median class, we use the following formula for calculating
    the median.

    • l is the lower limit of the median class,


    •n is the total number of observations,
    •cf is the cumulative frequency of the class
    preceding median
    class,
    •f is the frequency of the median class, and
    •h is the class size (upper limit - lower limit).

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