TEXT, SOUND AND IMAGES

AHIS CS
 CHARACTER SETS

What is a character set?

• A character set is all the characters and symbols that can be represented by a
computer system.
• Each character is given a unique binary code.
• Character sets are ordered logically, the code for ‘B’ is one more than the code for ‘A’.
• A character set provides a standard for computers to communicate and send/receive information.
• Without a character set, one system might interpret 01000001 differently from another.
• The number of characters that can be represented is determined by the number of bits used by
the character set.
• Two common character sets are:
• American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
• Universal Character Encoding (UNICODE)
 ASCII

What is ASCII?
• ASCII is a character set and was an accepted standard for information
interchange.
• ASCII uses 7 bits, providing 27 unique codes (128) or a maximum of 128
characters it can represent.
• ASCII only represents basic characters needed for English, limiting its use for other
languages.
Extended ASCII:
• Extended ASCII uses 8 bits, providing 256 unique codes (28 = 256) or a maximum
of 256 characters it can represent.
• Extended ASCII provides essential characters such as mathematical operators and
more recent symbols such as ©.
 LIMITATIONS OF ASCII & EXTENDED
ASCII

• ASCII has a limited number of characters which means it can only

represent the English alphabet, numbers and some special
characters.
 A, B, C, ………, Z
 a, b, c ,.............,z
 0, 1, 2,........, 9
 !, @, #, …..

• ASCII cannot represent characters from languages other than English.

• ASCII does not include modern symbols or emojis common in today's
digital communication.
 UNICODE

• What is UNICODE?
• UNICODE is a character set and was created as a solution to
the limitations of ASCII.
• UNICODE uses a minimum of 16 bits, providing 216 unique
codes (65,536) or a minimum of 65,536 characters it can
represent.
• UNICODE can represent characters from all the major
languages around the world.
 Q/A

The computer stores text using the ASCII

character set.

Part of the ASCII character set is shown:

Character ASCII Denary Code

E 69
F 70
G 71
H 72
(a)
Identify the character that will be represented by the ASCII denary code 76 [1]
(b)
Identify a second character set [1]
 ANSWER

• (a) L (must be a capital).

• (b) UNICODE.
 S/Q/A

• Define character set.

Ans: A character set is a defined list of characters that can
be understood by a computer, where each character is given a
unique binary code.

• What is ASCII?
Ans: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) is a character set that uses 7 bits, allowing it to
represent a maximum of 128 characters.
 S/Q/A

• True or False?
“ASCII can represent characters from all major languages around the
world.”
Ans: False. ASCII can only represent basic characters needed for
English, limiting its use for other languages.
• What is the definition of extended ASCII?
Ans: Extended ASCII is a character set that uses 8 bits, allowing it to
represent a maximum of 256 characters.
• Define UNICODE.
Ans: UNICODE is a character set that uses a minimum of 16 bits, allowing
it to represent a minimum of 65,536 characters from all major
languages around the world.
 S/Q/A

• What does character encoding mean?

Ans: Character encoding refers to the process of assigning a unique binary code to
each character in a character set.
• What is the equation in terms of X for the maximum number of characters in a
character set using X bits?
Ans: What is the equation in terms of X for the maximum number of characters in
a character set using X bits?
• True or False?
“A drawback of ASCII is that it cannot represent special characters such as
emoji's?”
Ans: True.
A drawback of ASCII is that it cannot represent special characters such as emoji's (not
enough bits)
 SOUNDS

Analogue information that we can hear cannot be understood by a computer.

It needs to be converted into digital information.
 REPRESENTATION OF SOUND
• Sound waves are analogue ( vary
continuously).Measuring Sound amplitude
(known as sampling) done by ADC(analogue
to digital converter).Approximate amplitude
value is taken at regular time intervals.

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 R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F S O U N D

• Here amplitude rate is 0-10,so 4 bits binary used to

represent each binary. Increasing amplitude rate
increase accuracy of the sound.

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 • The number of bits per sample is known as the
sampling resolution (also known as the bit
depth).
In our example it is 4

• Sampling rate is the number of sound samples

taken per second. Measured in hertz (Hz)

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 HOW IS S AMPLING USED TO RECORD A
SOUND CLIP ?

• Sampling rate determined using amplitude at set time

intervals.
• Thus we get approximate representation of the sound
wave.
• Each sample of the sound wave is then encoded as a
series of binary digits.

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 THE BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS OF USING A
L ARGER S AMPLING RESOLUTION WHEN
RECORDING SOUND

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 REPRESENTATION OF SOUND ENDS HERE.

THANK YOU

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 HOW IS SOUND SAMPLED & STORED?

• Measurements of the original sound wave are captured and stored as binary on
secondary storage.
• Sound waves begin as analogue and for a computer system to understand them they must
be converted into a digital form.
• This process is called Analogue to Digital conversion (ADC).
• The process begins by measuring the amplitude of the analogue sound wave at a point
in time, called samples.
• Each measurement (sample) generates a value which can be represented in binary and
stored.
• Using the samples, a computer is able to create a digital version of the original analogue
wave.
• The digital wave is stored on secondary storage and can be played back at any time by
reversing the process.
 SAMPLE RATE & SAMPLE RESOLUTION

What is sample rate?

• Sample rate is the amount
of samples taken per
second of the analogue wave.
• Samples are taken each
second for the duration of the
sound.
• The sample rate is measured
in Hertz (Hz).
• 1 Hertz is equal to 1 sample of
the sound wave.
 WHAT IS SAMPLE RESOLUTION?

• Sample resolution is the number of bits stored per

sample of sound
• Sample resolution is closely related to the colour depth of a
bitmap image, they measure the same thing in different
contexts.
 WHAT IS A BITMAP?

• A bitmap image is made up of squares called pixels.

• A pixel is the smallest element of a bitmap image.
• Each pixel is stored as a binary code.
• Binary codes are unique to the colour in each pixel.
• A typical example of a bitmap image is a photograph.
 REPRESENTATION OF (BITMAP)
IMAGES

• Pixels: smallest addressable element in a bitmap image.

Colour depth: The number of bits used to represent each colour is called
the colour depth. An 8 bit colour depth means that each pixel can be one of
256 colours.
Increasing colour depth also increases the size of the file when storing an
image.
 R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F I M A G E S

• Image resolution refers to the number of pixels that make up an image.

• Photographs with a lower resolution have less detail than those with a
higher resolution.

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 R E P R E S E N TAT I O N O F I M A G E S

• High resolution images increase in file size.

• This impacts on how many images can be stored on, for
example, a hard drive.
• It also impacts on the time to download an image from the
internet or the time to transfer images from device to
device.

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TYPES OF DATA
STORAGE
SAMPLING
QUANTIZATION AND ENCODING
 M E A S U R E M E N T O F D ATA S T O RA G E

• A bit is the basic unit of all computing memory storage

terms and is either 1 or 0. The word comes from
binary digit. The byte is the smallest unit of memory
in a computer. 1 byte is 8 bits. A 4-bit number is called
a nibble – half a byte.

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 M E A S U R E M E N T O F D ATA S T O RA G E

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 CONVERTING BETWEEN UNITS

• It is often a requirement of the exam to be able to convert between different

units of data, for example bytes to mebibytes (larger) or kibibytes to bytes (smaller)
• This process involves division, moving up in size of unit
and multiplication, moving down in size of unit
• When dealing with all units bigger than a byte we use multiples of 1024 (210)
• For example, 2000 kibibytes in mebibytes would be 2000 / 1024 = 1.95 MiB and 2
tebibytes in gibibytes would be 2 * 1024 = 2048 GiB
• When dealing with bits and bytes the same process is used with the value 8 as there
are 8 bits in a byte
• For example, 24 bits in bytes would be 24 / 8 = 3 B and 10 bytes in bits would be 10 *
8 = 80 b
UNIT CALCULATIONS
 FILE SIZE CALCULATION

• Calculating the size of a bitmap image can be carried out with

either of the following formulas:
• Resolution x colour depth
• Image width x image height x colour depth
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 CALCULATION OF FILE SIZE

• Now, We will look at the calculation of the file size required to

hold a bitmap image and a sound sample.
• The file size of an image is calculated as:
Image resolution(in pixels) x colour depth(in bits)
• The size of mono sound file is calculated as:

Sample rate (in Hz) x sample resolution (in bits) x length of

sample (in seconds)
 EXAMPLE 1

• A photograph is 1024x1080 pixels and uses a colour depth of

32bits. How many photographs of this size would fit onto a
memory stick of 64 GiB?
 SOLVE

1.Multiply number of pixels in vertical and horizontal directions to

find total number of pixels=(1024x1080)= 1105920 pixels.
THANK YOU