Basics of Mysql

MySql Select
• The SELECT statement in MySQL is used to
retrieve data from one or more tables in a
database.

• It is one of the most commonly used SQL

commands
Syntax of SELECT Statement
SELECT column1, column2, ..., columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
ORDER BY column_name [ASC|DESC]
LIMIT number;
 Key Components
• SELECT: Specifies the columns you want to retrieve.
• FROM: Specifies the table from which to retrieve
the data.
• WHERE: Filters the rows that satisfy a specified
condition (optional).
• ORDER BY: Sorts the result by one or more columns
(optional).
• LIMIT: Limits the number of rows returned by the
query (optional)
 MySql Update
• The UPDATE statement in MySQL is used to
modify existing records in a table.

• It allows you to change the values of one or

more columns for rows that match a specified
condition
 Syntax of UPDATE Statement
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
 Basic UPDATE Example:
UPDATE projects
SET name = 'Updated Project', description = 'This
is an updated description'
WHERE id = 1;
 MySQL DELETE Statement
• The DELETE statement in MySQL is used to
remove rows from a table.

• You can delete specific rows by using the

WHERE clause, or you can delete all rows from
a table if no condition is provided
 Syntax of DELETE Statement
• DELETE FROM table_name
• WHERE condition;
 MySQL TRUNCATE Statement
• The TRUNCATE statement in MySQL is used to
quickly remove all rows from a table.

• It is different from DELETE because TRUNCATE

is more efficient for emptying tables and
resets the auto-increment counter.
 Syntax of TRUNCATE Statement
• TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
 Key Differences Between DELETE and TRUNCATE

• Use DELETE:When you want to remove

specific rows from a table.
• When you need to retain control over the
deletion process, especially when using
transactions.
• When you want to respect foreign key
constraints.
• Use TRUNCATE:
• When you want to quickly remove all rows
from a table.
• When resetting the auto-increment counter is
desirable.
• When you don’t need to log individual row
deletions or use transactions
• DELETE: Removes rows one by one and can
delete specific rows when used with the
WHERE clause.
• TRUNCATE: Removes all rows at once, without
row-by-row deletion, making it faster
 Where Condition
• The WHERE clause in SQL is used to filter records
in a database based on specific conditions.
• It allows you to specify which rows should be
included in the result set by applying one or
more conditions.
• Without the WHERE clause, all rows from the
queried table would be returned, which may not
be what you need, especially when working with
large datasets
syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
 For e.g.
(1)SELECT *
FROM fruits
WHERE fruit_name = 'Apple’;
(2) SELECT *
FROM fruits
WHERE color = 'Red' AND price < 15;
 A complex One
SELECT f.fruit_name, s.supplier_name
FROM fruits f
JOIN suppliers s ON f.supplier_id = s.id
WHERE s.country = 'Brazil';
 ORDER BY Clause
• The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the result
set in either ascending (ASC) or descending
(DESC) order based on one or more columns
 Example
SELECT fruit_name, price
FROM fruits
ORDER BY price ASC;
• This query retrieves the list of fruits, ordered
by their price in ascending order (lowest to
highest). By default, if you omit ASC, it will still
sort in ascending order
 Example 2
SELECT fruit_name, price, quantity
FROM fruits
ORDER BY price ASC, quantity DESC;

• This query sorts the result set first by price in

ascending order, and for rows with the same
price, it further sorts by quantity in
descending order.
Group by clause:
• The GROUP BY statement groups rows that
have the same values into summary rows, like
"find the number of customers in each
country".
• The GROUP BY statement is often used with
aggregate functions
(COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to
group the result-set by one or more columns.
 Example
SELECT fruit_name, COUNT(*) AS fruit_count
FROM fruits
GROUP BY fruit_name;
• This query counts how many times each fruit
appears in the table by grouping the result set
by the fruit_name.
 Example 2
SELECT fruit_name, AVG(price) AS average_price
FROM fruits
GROUP BY fruit_name;
• This query groups the result set by fruit_name
and calculates the average price for each fruit
 Combining GROUP BY and ORDER BY
• we can also combine both GROUP BY and
ORDER BY in a single query to first group the
data and then order the results based on the
aggregated data
 Example
SELECT color, SUM(quantity) AS total_quantity
FROM fruits
GROUP BY color
ORDER BY total_quantity DESC;
• This query groups the fruits by color, sums
their quantity, and then orders the result set
by the total quantity in descending order
(from highest to lowest).
 Example 2
SELECT fruit_name, AVG(price) AS average_price
FROM fruits
GROUP BY fruit_name
ORDER BY average_price ASC;
• This query groups the fruits by fruit_name,
calculates the average price for each fruit, and
orders the result set by the average price in
ascending order.
Having clause
• The HAVING clause was added to SQL because
the WHERE keyword cannot be used with
aggregate functions.
• Key Differences between Having and Where Clause

• WHERE is used to filter records before any

grouping or aggregation is done.
• HAVING is used to filter groups of records after
applying aggregate functions.
syntax
• SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);
 Example 1
SELECT category, SUM(total_sales) AS total_sales
FROM sales
GROUP BY category
HAVING SUM(total_sales) > 1000;
• In this query:
• The GROUP BY clause groups the results by
category.
• The HAVING clause filters only those categories
where the total sales exceed 1000
 Using HAVING with COUNT()
SELECT course_name, COUNT(student_id) AS
student_count
FROM students
GROUP BY course_name
HAVING COUNT(student_id) > 5;
• This query counts how many students are
enrolled in each course and returns only those
courses with more than 5 students.
 Like operator
• The MySQL LIKE Operator
• The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause
to search for a specified pattern in a column.
• There are two wildcards often used in
conjunction with the LIKE operator:
• The percent sign (%) represents zero, one, or
multiple characters
• The underscore sign (_) represents one, single
character
syntax
• SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;
• Example:
• SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerName LIKE 'a%';
Aggregate functions
• Count function:The COUNT() function returns
the number of rows that matches a specified
criterion.
• SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
 Sum function
• The SUM() function returns the total sum of a
numeric column
• SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
 Average function
• The AVG() function returns the average value
of a numeric column.
• SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
 Min and max function
• The MIN() function returns the smallest value
of the selected column.
• The MAX() function returns the largest value of
the selected column.
• MIN() Syntax:SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
• Max syntax:SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;