MODULE 2

ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
AND COST EFFECTIVE
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES

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 CONTENTS
 Different substitute for wall construction
 Flemish Bond
 Rat Trap Bond
 Arches
 Panels
 Cavity Wall
 Ferro Cement and Ferro Concrete constructions
 different pre cast members using these materials
 Wall and Roof Panels
 Beams
 columns
 Door and Window frames
 Water tanks
 Septic Tanks
 Alternate roofing systems
 Filler Slab
 Composite Beam and Panel Roof
 Pre-engineered and ready to use building elements
 wood products
 steel and plastic - 2
 Contributions of agencies
 Costford
 INTRODUCTION
 Eco-Friendly is the act of living with intent. The intent is focused
on not creating harm to environment through interactions.
 What is mean by Eco – Friendly technology ?

Eco-friendly technologies involved making use of alternative

energy source which is abundant to generate renewable energy,
reducing the amount of resource which is limited used through
the conventional like fossil fuel.
 There are various technologies and materials developed by

various research organizations, innovators and manufacturers in

India that are beneficial in the housing construction.
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 BRICKS

 The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in

rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by
drying and burning these bricks.
 the bricks are prepared in various sizes.

 If bricks are large, it is difficult to burn properly and

too heavy
 If bricks are small, more quantity of mortar is

required.
 Hence BIS has recommended the bricks of uniform

size. 4

 The average weight of the brick will be 3 to 3.50 kg

BOND IN BRICK WORK AND TYPES OF
BOND
 Bond is the arrangement of bricks in coarse, so that the bricks
are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive
courses do not come in the same vertical line.

 Defective arrangement of bricks reduces the strength and

durability of the structure.

 A wall having continuous vertical joints does not act as a

homogeneous mass to distribute the superimposed load.

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 RULES FOR BONDING
 For the getting good bond, the bricks should
be uniform size and to obtain uniform lap.
The length of the bricks should be twice its
width plus one joint.
 As far as possible, the use of brickbats should

be avoided.
 It is preferable to provide header course on

both the sides of the wall.

brickbats
TYPES OF BONDS
 The most commonly used types of bonds in
brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond

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 CONTD..
 Other Types of bonds
are:
 1. Facing bond
 2. Dutch bond
 3. English cross bond
 4. Brick on edge bond
 5. Raking bond
 6. Zigzag bond
 7. Garden wall bond

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TYPES OF CLOSERS

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 ENGLISH BOND
 English bond consists of alternate course of headers and
stretches.
 In this English bond arrangement, vertical joints in the

header courses come over each other and the vertical joints
in the stretcher course are also in the same line.
 For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive course it

is essential to place queen closer, after the first header in

each heading course.

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 FLEMISH BOND
 Flemish bond is another traditional pattern where stretchers and
headers are laid alternately in a single course.
 Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner.

 The queen closer id put next to the queen header in alternate courses

to develop the face lap

 Every header is centrally supported over a stretcher below it.

 Flemish bond is attractive aesthetically, but is weaker than English

bond for load bearing wall construction.

 It is often used for walls that are two bricks thick.

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 Flemish bond is further divided into two
different types
1. Single Flemish bond,
2. Double Flemish bond.

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 SINGLE FLEMISH BOND.
 This bond is a combination of English bond and Flemish bond.
 In this work the facing of the wall consists of Flemish bond and the

backing consists of English bond in each course.

 This type of bonding cannot be adopted in walls less than one and a

half brick in thickness.

 This bond is adopted to present the attractive appearance of Flemish

bond with an effort to ensure full strength in the brick work.

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 DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND.
 In Double Flemish Bond, each course presents the
same appearance both in the front and back
elevations.
 Every course consists of headers and stretchers laid

alternately.
 This type of bond is best suited from considerations

of economy and appearance.

 This type of bonding is comparatively weaker than

English bond.

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COMPARISON OF ENGLISH BOND AND
FLEMISH BOND
 The English bond is found to possess more strength than the
Flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5
bricks.
 The Flemish bond grants more pleasing appearance than the

English bond.
 It is possible to make use of broken bricks in the form of a

brickbats in case of the Flemish bond. However more mortar

will be required.
 The construction with the Flemish bond requires greater skill

compared to the English bond.

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 RAT TRAP BOND
 Rat trap bond is a modular type of masonry bond in
which the bricks are placed in a vertical position which
creates a cavity in the wall while maintaining the
same wall thickness as that of the conventional brick
masonry wall.
 The purpose of using this type of masonry bond is to

reduce the number of bricks and mortar required as

compared to the English/Flemish bond because of the
cavity formed in the wall.

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 ADVANTAGES OF RAT TRAP BOND
 The cavities in the masonry act as thermal insulators. Thus, the interiors
remain cooler in summer and warmer in winter.
 Rat Trap masonry uses fewer bricks and mortar reducing the cost of

masonry up to 30% when compared with conventional brick masonry.

 Walls constructed using rat trap masonry can be used as load-bearing as

well as a thick partition wall.

 Rat-trap bond when kept exposed, creates aesthetically pleasing wall

surface and the cost of plastering and painting may also be avoided.
 As this type of masonry has 30% of cavities, the dead load of the

structure is reduced which in turn reduces the structure supporting

members such as column and footing.
 In case of more structural safety, reinforcement bars can be inserted

through the cavity until the foundation. 20

 Many buildings that were constructed decades ago have proved that this

type of walling technology is durable and the maintenance costs are low.
DISADVANTAGES OF RAT TRAP BOND

 Due to the formation of cavities in the masonry, the building

does not provide good sound insulations.
 Skilled labor is required to construct this type of masonry.

 Frequent cleaning of external surface required if not plastered.

 Special care and attention to be given while designing and

constructing rat trap bond masonry.

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 CAVITY WALLS
 Cavity wall is constructed with two separate walls for
single wall purpose with some space or cavity
between them.
 These two separate walls are called as leaves of

cavity wall.
 The inner wall is called as internal leaf and outer wall

is called as external leaf.

 Cavity wall is also called as Hollow wall.

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 For non-load bearing cavity wall, two leaves are of equal
thickness or sometimes internal leaf with more thickness is
provided.
 The cavity size should be in between 4 to 10cm. The internal

and external leaves should have at least 10 mm thickness.

 The two leaves are interconnected by metal ties which are

generally made of steel and are rust proof.

 Two leaves should be constructed simultaneously.

 Spacing should be uniform and maximum horizontal

spacing of wall ties is 900mm maximum vertical

spacing is 450mm.

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 cavity wall doesn’t require any footings under it, just
a strong concrete base is provided on which cavity
wall is constructed centrally.
 The cavity may be filled with lean concrete with some

slope at top up to few centimeters above ground level

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 ADVANTAGES OF CAVITY WALLS

 Cavity walls give better thermal insulation than solid walls. It is

because of the space provided between two leaves of cavity walls
is full of air and reduces heat transmission into the building from
outside.
 Economically they are cheaper than solid walls.

 Moisture content in outer atmosphere is does not allowed to enter

because of hollow space between leaves. So, they also prevent

dampness.
 They also act as good sound insulators.

 They also reduce the weights on foundation because of their

lesser thickness.
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 Outer Efflorescence is also prevented.
 FERROCEMENT

 Ferrocement is a construction material consisting of wire

meshes and cement mortar.
 Applications of ferrocement in construction is vast due to the

low self weight, lack of skilled workers, no need of framework

etc.

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 PROPERTIES OF FERROCEMENT
 Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
 Mesh may be metal or suitable material.

 Instead of concrete Portland cement mortar is

used.
 Strength depends on two factors quality of
sand/cement mortar mix and quantity of
reinforcing materials used.
 As the steel percent is more, tensile strength and

cracking resistance is enhanced.

 It also ensures enhanced punching and shear

resistance.
 Highly flexible

 Lightweight 27
 Water cement ratio is less, this forms

impermissible density enhancing durability.

ADVANTAGES

 Basic raw materials are readily available in

most countries.
 Fabricated into any desired shape.

 Low labour skill required.

 Ease of construction, low weight and long

lifetime.
 Low construction material cost.

 Better resistance against earthquake.

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DISADVANTAGES
 Structures made of it can be punctured by
collision with pointed objects.
 Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the

incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.

 It is difficult to fasten to Ferrocement with bolts,

screws, welding and nail etc.

 Large no of labors required.

 Tying rods and mesh together is especially

tedious and time consuming.

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TYING RODS AND MESH

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 COST EFFECTIVENESS OF
FERROCEMENT STRUCTURES
 The type of economic system.
 Type of applications.

 Relative cost of labor.

 Capital and local tradition of construction

procedure.
 Doesn’t need heavy plant or machinery.

 Low cost of construction materials.

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 APPLICATIONS OF FERROCEMENTS
IN CONSTRUCTION
 Housing: Walls, Door and Window Frames, Roofs,
Shelves
 Marine: Boats, Pipes

 Agricultural: Water Tanks, Pipes

 Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.

 Miscellaneous like Manhole Cover, Furniture, Molds,

stair case railings, showcase,OHT,SUMP,Cover,ETC

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FERROCEMENT STRUCTURES

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ARCHES

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ARCHES

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DEFINITION
 An arch is a structure constructed in curved shape
with wedge shaped units (either bricks or stones),
which are jointed together with mortar, and
provided at openings to support the weight of the
wall above it along with other superimposed loads.
 Because of its shape the loads from above gets

distributed to supports (pier or abutment).

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TECHNICAL TERMS

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 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AN
ARCH

 Intrados: The inner curve of an arch is

called as intrados.

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 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AN
ARCH

 Extrados: The outer curve of an arch is

termed as extrados.

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 DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AN
ARCH

 Crown : The highest part are peak point

of extrados is called crown.

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 CONTD..
 Arcade: The row of arches in continuation is
called arcade.
 Impost : The projecting course is provided

on the upper part of a pier or abutment to

stress the springing line. This course is called
impost.
 Span : The clear horizontal distance
between the supports or abutments or piers is
termed as span of an arch.
 Rise : The clear vertical distance

between the highest point on the

intrados and the springing line is 44

called as rise.
 CONTD..
 Depth or Height: The perpendicular distance between the
intrados of arch to the extrados of arch is called depth of an
arch or height of an arch.
 Thickness : This is the breadth of soffit which is measured

perpendicular to the front and back faces of an arch.

 Pier and Abutment: The intermediate support of an arch is

called as pier. The end support of an arch is called as

abutment.

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PRECAST MEMBERS

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 PRECAST MEMBERS
 Precast concrete is prepared by casting concrete in
reusable molds .
 Precast members are manufactured in factory under

controlled conditions to keep standard

dimensions and tolerances.
 Then shipped to a construction site and installed quickly

with less site disruption, often in just a number of days.

 Precast is a time-saving alternative to site cast concrete

(for example precast concrete which must cure for

about 30 days to gain its full strength and stability) and
reduces labor on-site and the risk of weather delays.
 The properties of precast concrete, such as cost-

effectiveness, durability, adaptability, ease of use and47

maintenance.
ELEMENTS OF PRECAST
BUILDINGS
 Precast footings
 Beams

 Columns

 Slab

 Shear walls

 Partition walls

 Connection between precast elements

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 PRECAST BUILDING V/S
CONVENTIONAL BUILDING

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CONTD..

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 PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS
 A precast building is constructed by
assembling and connecting various
prefabricated elements required in the
building structure.
 These elements are:
 Precast slabs
 Precast beams
 Precast columns
 Precast walls
 Precast foundation

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PRECAST WALL PANELS
 Precast concrete walls are constructed by
casting concrete in a reusable wall mold or
form which is then cured in a controlled
environment, transported to the construction
site and lifted into place.
 The main function of the precast walls is to

speed up the construction process.

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ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST CONCRETE
WALLS
 Precast concrete walls act as thermal storage to delay and
reduce peak thermal loads.
 The precast concrete wall is used as an interior surface

which saves time and money by eliminating the need for

separate stud framing and drywall costs.
 The precast concrete wall can be used as load-bearing

structures and will save costs by eliminating the need for

an additional structural framing system.
 Precast concrete walls can be designed to be reused for

future building expansions.

 Precast concrete’s durability creates a low maintenance
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structure, which stands up to harsh climate conditions.
ADVANTAGES OF PRECAST
CONCRETE WALLS
 Precast concrete colors and finishes can be achieved
through the use of various aggregates, cement,
pigments and finishing techniques.
 Precast concrete wall panels can utilize a thin brick

veneer that can achieve a traditional appearing facade.

 Precast concrete walls can be produced with textures

including form liner shapes, artwork, and lettering to

provide distinctive accent treatments.
 Precast concrete wall panels can have electrical boxes

and conduit cast into the panels, to provide flush

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electrical fixtures on walls that are not to be framed
out.
DISADVANTAGES OF PRECAST
CONCRETE WALLS
 Higher Upfront Costs
 Transportation Can Be an Issue

 Precast Concrete is Hard to Modify Once Built

 You Have to Take Care When Handling

Precast Concrete
 Improper Installation Could Cause Issues

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PRECAST ROOF PANELS

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PRECAST BEAM AND COLUMN
 Precast beams and columns are ideal for a variety of
structures
 Precast concrete is a versatile structural material and
can be used as the structural system of a building,
bridge or other structure, from multi-level apartment
buildings to commercial structures and everything in
between.
 They can also be used below-grade for parking, ideal
for tight building sites.
 Beams and columns are available in various shapes and
sizes for virtually any structural or architectural
requirement, as well as design flexibility.
 Beams and columns have the strength necessary for 57

heavy loads and allow for fast installation, vibration

resistant stability and moisture resistance.
 PRECAST BEAM
Beams are typically considered structural components and are
made in one of three key shapes:
• Rectangular
• Inverted Tee Beams
• L-Beams
• Girders

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59
 PRECAST COLUMNS
 Columns are typically used to support
beams and spandrels in applications such
as parking structures and precast concrete
structural systems of all types.
 They generally are designed as multilevel

components ranging from a single story to

six levels or more.
 Sizes and shapes can vary to satisfy both

architectural and structural requirements.

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PRECAST COLUMNS

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 ADVANTAGES OF BEAMS &
COLUMN:
 Speed of construction. Pieces are cast off-site and
delivered to you when you need them.
 Versatility. Available in various shapes and sizes for any
structural or architectural requirements.
 Clear spans. Reduced column counts provide for larger
open spaces.
 Strength for heavy loads. Beams and columns are ideal
for setting hollowcore, for a total precast structure. Also
provide vibration resistant stability.
 Fire resistance. Beams and columns require no additional
fireproofing and provide intrinsic fire resistance.
 Durability. Precast beams and columns are resistant to
nature, from termites or hurricanes to high winds and
seismic events. Also provide moisture resistance.
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 Efficiency. Savings in cost and time will keep your project on
time and on budget. Also contributes to lower heating and
cooling costs over the life of a structure.
 WATER TANK
 Specification :
 Grade of concrete M25
 Grade of steel –Fe500
 Earth Pressure –
 (a) Light duty tank can take surcharge load of 1Ton\sq.m.
 (b) Heavy duty tank can take a load of 40 Ton.(fire tender
trucks can move on it.)
 No Uplift – Tank is designed for no uplift even at fully
submerged conditions and even when tank is empty.
 External Coating- Coal tar epoxy paint, which is good

resistance in marine exposure and subsoil conditions.

good chemical and abrasion and water resistance.
 Internal Coating- Water proofing. 63
64
 SEPTIC TANK
 A septic tank is an underwater sedimentation tank used for waste water
treatment through the process of biological decomposition and drainage.
 A septic tank makes use of natural processes & proven technology to treat
wastewater from household plumbing produced by bathrooms, kitchen
drains , and laundry.
 A septic tank system has a relatively simple design. It is an underground
watertight container (mostly rectangular or round) made of fibre glass,
plastic or concrete.
 The Compartments in a septic tank and normally a T-shaped outlet prevent
the sludge and scum from leaving the tank and travelling into the drain
field area.
 Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF) and
only provide a basic treatment.
 In rural areas, it is used for the disposal of the night soil 65
from the restroom, but in urban areas, it is used for the
disposal of both wastewater and the night soil.
OBJECTIVES OF SEPTIC TANK

 To create a storage or holding space for the

collected sewage where the solid wastes can be
separated from the liquid manure.
 To break down the organic waste present in the

sewage through biological decomposition with the

aid of the bacteria.
 Store the settled solids until they are removed or

pumped out.

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 IMPORTANCE OF SEPTIC TANK

 It is necessary to collect the wastewater and night soil from the

connected drains and toilets in the households that are generally
not connected to the municipal sewer systems.
 Septic tank efficiently treats the sewage before it is discharged

to the environment thereby preventing the environmental

degradation and pollution.
 Septic tank allows the wastewater to be replenished by natural

means and the treated water can also be re-used for purposes
such as industrial works, irrigation, groundwater recharge etc.
 Septic tanks are vital for safe disposal of the night soil,

particularly from the restrooms.

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68
SINGLE CHAMBERED SEPTIC TANK

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 When the sewage enters the septic tank, it gets separated into three
distinct layers: the sludge, clear zone, and scum.
 The solid particles present in the sewage that is heavier than the

water settle at the bottom of the tank. These settled solids are
referred to as sludge.
 The septic tank is designed in such a way that no oxygen is present

at the bottom of the tank thereby promoting the growth of only the
anaerobic bacteria. The anaerobic bacteria, in turn, digest the
organic matter in the sludge.
 Due to the decomposition, the particles become lighter and move

upwards to the middle of the tank, commonly referred to as the

clear zone.
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 The clear zone is the layer that usually consists of the brown

greyish wastewater and anaerobic bacteria.

 CONTD..
 The scum layer is the uppermost layer in the
septic tank. It mainly consists of suspended oil, grease,
soap films, etc., lighter than water.
 The anaerobic bacteria also digest the matters present

in the scum layer. The digested particles become heavier

than the water and thus settle at the bottom of the tank.
 Bacteria inside the tank does it's best to break down the

solid waste, which then allows liquids to separate and

drain away easily.
 For further treatment of the effluent water, an effluent

filter may be placed outside the baffle walls. The effluent

is then discharged into the drain field through the outlet
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and is thus absorbed into the soil.
 ALTERNATE ROOFING SYSTEMS
Traditional Roofing Alternative Roofing
Materials Materials
 Metal Roofs  Living Roofs
 Built-Up Roofs  Solar Roofs

 Single-Ply Roofs  Sprayed

Polyurethane Foam
Roofs
 Solar and SPF Roofs

 Restoration Coatings

 SPF + Silicone

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 FILLER SLAB
 Filler slab is supposed to be a cost effective,
efficient, simple and very innovative
construction technology for slab construction

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 BENEFITS

 As the name suggests, in a filler slab, part of concrete in the

bottom of the slab (in the tension zone to be specific) is replaced
by filler materials.
 The whole weight of the building is taken away by the self-
weight of the reinforced concrete
 In order to reduce the usage of concrete and self-weight of slabs,
usually preferred slabs are voided slabs or hollow slabs.
 Such slabs have benefits such as reduced weights, economical
longer spans, reduced floor-to- floor heights etc.
 Cost reductions in roofs/ floors are gained through the choosing
of filling a part of concrete in the tension zone with cheaper
materials.
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 In the context, with the use of waste material in building
construction and solving its disposal problem, a technology has
been developed the self- weight of the reinforced concrete.
ADVANTAGES OF FILLER SLAB
 Due to the replacement of nonfunctional cement
concrete with lighter filler materials, dead load of
the slab is reduced considerably.’ The reduction in
weight as much as 20 to 30%.
 It is cost effective at least by 20% compared to the

conventional RCC slab due to the usage of less

costly filler materials and decreased amount of steel
and concrete.
 Filler slabs does not compromise on the strength or

durability if designed and constructed with stringent

quality control.
 Filler slabs creates comfortable temperature

conditions inside the living rooms as the air pockets

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between the filler materials has heat resistant
property.
 The thermal comfort provided by filler slabs makes
it an excellent option in humid hot climatic
conditions.
 When materials like cyber wastes like key boards,

waste plastic substances especially bottles are

used as fillers, this method by default does a waste
management as the otherwise harmful substances
to the soil and earth are being reused.
 Filler slab reduces the carbon footprint of a building

by around 20%.
 Correctly chosen patterns in the filler slabs
increases the aesthetics of the ceiling.

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 DISADVANTAGES OF FILLER SLABS

 The filler slab technology needs some experience.

Unless we have people, who have built a few similar
homes, there are chances that you mess up in its
construction
 The rebars can corrode if it comes in contact with

clay products that are used as fillers. Enough care

should be taken to ensure sufficient cover to
reinforcement.
 For the same reasons above, the slopes at the

terrace have to be meticulously planned and all the

rain water down pipes has to be clog free. Enough
care to be taken to ensure maintenance of terrace.77
 SELECTION CRITERIA OF
FILLER MATERIALS

 Filler materials should be non-reactive to cement and

water and other materials used like rebars.
 Its mandatory to ensure the water absorbed by the filler

is minimal and better to check this before construction.

 Local materials to be chosen to keep the costs in

control.
 Light weigh materials to be preferred

 Ceiling patterns and the functional use of the room also

decides the material selection.

 Any last-minute realization can in fact encourage a
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compromise and you end up with corroded rebars and
leaks after a few years.
FILLER MATERIALS USED
 Mangalore tiles
 Clay pans

 Bricks

 Waste bottles

 Coconut shells

 Thermocol

 Cyber wastes like keyboard

 Stabilized mud Blocks

 Terracotta tiles

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 COMPOSITE BEAM
 Composite beams are constructed from more than one material to
increase stiffness or strength (or to reduce cost).
 In this section, two-material composite beams will be examined.

 Of course, two materials can be arranged in multi-sections but

only two different type of materials will be used.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE BEAM
 Increased strength for a given cross sectional
dimension
 Concrete and steel are utilized effectively.
 Good fire resistance in the case of concrete encased
beams
 There is a significant reduction in the construction time
 Low strength concrete can be used for in situ concrete
 No formwork is required when the beams are placed
closely.
 An increase in the cross-section area of the section
results in higher stiffness of the beam. As a result,
beam bending and shear capacity increases.
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 Due to the higher stiffness, it reduces the deflection of
prestressed composite beams
 DISADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

 Designers need to pay more attention to the

design procedures as they are a bit complex than
the usual method. The correct idealization of the
actional condition should be done during the
design.
 Due to the composite slab, there will restrain

resulting in an increase of prestress losses.

Further, there could be a restrain moment due to
this action.
 Different shrinkages in the section could induce

additional stresses.
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 PRE-ENGINEERED AND READY TO USE
BUILDING ELEMENTS
 Pre-engineered buildings are modern adapted systems where the
building’s structural members are manufactured at the factory and
assembled at the site.
 When these buildings are built with great efficiency, they can be

30% lighter than conventional steel buildings.

 Generally, Pre-engineered buildings are steel structures; these are

built according to the structure’s exact requirement, such as its

size, height, and width.
 Then these built-up sections are transported to the site and

assembled with bolted connections. This type of construction

method is widely adopted in industrial buildings, warehouses,
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Metro Station.
 COMPONENTS OF PRE-
ENGINEERED BUILDING
 Pre-engineered buildings consist of different
members
 Primary Frame
 Secondary elements
 Roof and wall panels
 Sandwich Panels

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 CONTD..
 Primary Frame
 Primary frames consist of trusses, column or castellated
beams, etc. these are built up of I-shaped steel members.
 These frames are reinforced with wind bracing and
connecting bolts. Sometimes with anchor bolts.
 Secondary Elements

 Secondary elements are cold-formed structural members,

available in different shapes like C, Z, etc.—commonly
known as “Purlins.”
 These purlins are resistant to corrosion, robust, lightweight,
and they are easy to mount. Purlins come in various lengths
and thicknesses
85
 CONTD..
 Roof And Wall Panels
 pre-engineered building components like roof and wall
panels come in Tin shades and curtain walls made of
glass and roll-formed steel sheets. Some special roofing
sheets are used to minimize energy usage.
 Sandwich Panels

 These panels are made in three-layer, where one non-

aluminum layer is placed in between two aluminum
sheets.
 Some other components of sandwich panels
are bolts, insulation, mezzanine floors, skylight sheets,
flashlights, cage ladders, cable trays, ducts, cranes, etc.
86
 ADVANTAGES OF PRE ENGINEERED
BUILDINGS

1. Quality Control
 The quality of pre-engineered building materials is easy to
manage as they are manufactured in a factory under
controlled conditions.
2. Low Maintenance
 The maintenance cost of pre-engineered buildings is
significantly less, as they are manufactured with high-quality
paint for steel and cladding.
3. Flexibility Of Expansion
 The pre-engineered building has flexible expansion options,
which means we can extend a building’s length, height, and
width in the future.
4. Energy Efficient 87
 These buildings can be customized with polyurethane
insulated panels or fiberglass blankets to make them energy
CONTD..
6. Versatility
 The pre-engineered building systems come in
various types of fasciae, canopies, and metal
wall panels, designed according to the
requirement.
7. Require Less Time To Construct
 Construction of a structure using a pre-
engineered building method consumes less time
than the conventional method.

88
 DISADVANTAGES OF PRE-
ENGINEERED BUILDING
1. Insulation Cost
 Insulatingthe whole pre-engineered building can
cost you much.
2. Appearance
 Thesebuildings are steel structures that are not
much attractive as they are left exposed.
3. Prone to Corrosion
 As we know, these are steel structures, and they
are prone to corrosion if the material or paint
used is not of good quality, which may reduce
the life span of the steel structures.
89
APPLICATIONS
 Pre-engineered buildings can be adapted in
different construction.
 Labour Camps
 Office Buildings
 Workshops
 Schools
 Community Centre
 Factories
 House and Living shelters
 Aircraft Hangers
 Supermarket
 Sports Halls
 Petrol Pumps
90
 Service Buildings
 Warehouses
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRE-ENGINEERED
BUILDING & CONVENTIONAL STEEL BUILDING
Pre-Engineered
Properties Conventional Building
Building
An easy and quick The conventional building
design, as these are has to be designed from
Design framed sections and scratch with only fewer
connection designs, and aids available to
it is less time-consuming. engineers.
Construction with a Pre- Construction by the
Duration of Engineered Building conventional building
Construction system usually takes 6 method usually takes 20
to 8 weeks. to 26 weeks.
Simple and easy design A large and heavy
Foundation and quick construction as Foundation is required in a
they are lightweight. conventional building.
In Pre-engineered
Rigid Heavy frames in
buildings, the lightweight
conventional building
Seismic Resistance frames offer higher 91
systems are less resistant
resistance to seismic
to seismic forces.
forces.
 Pre-Engineered
Properties Conventional Building
Building
In a Conventional
building system, the time
The erection procedure in and the cost cannot be
a pre-engineered building estimated accurately,
Erection Time and
system is very quick, but it is 20% more
Cost
easy, and requires less expensive than PEB’s.
equipment. The process is very slow
and more equipment is
required.
The overall cost of the Pre-
Engineered Building will The conventional
Overall Cost
be 30% lesser than the building cost more
Conventional Building.

With the help of standard Special design must be

design details, an done for different
Architecture
outstanding architectural projects, which results in
design can be achieved. high cost.

Pre-engineered buildings In a conventional 92

are 30% lighter in weight building, the structural
Structural Weight
than conventional members are heavier in
buildings. weight.
 PRE-ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS

 A wide range of derived

wood products are
obtained by binding and
fixing of wood particles,
boards, fibres' with
adhesives to form
composites.
 There are different types

of engineered wood
products such as plywood,
particleboard, laminated 93

timber, finger joints, cross

laminated timber etc.
TYPES OF ENGINEERED WOOD
PRODUCT
 Glued-laminated lumber
 Cross laminated timber (CLT)

 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

 Laminated strand lumber (LSL)

 Parallel strand lumber (PSL)

 Structural plywood.

 Oriented strand board (OSB)

 Wood I beam.

94
 PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL AND PLASTIC
 A pre-engineered steel building is a modern
technology where the complete designing is done
at the factory and the building components are
brought to the site and then fixed/jointed at the
site and raised with the help of cranes.

95
96
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PRE-
ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDING
1. Primary Components
 Primary components of the PESB consists of mainframe,

column, and rafters-

 Main Frame :Main framing basically includes the rigid steel
frames of the building.
 Columns and Rafters: The PEB rigid frame comprises
tapered/straight columns and tapered rafters (steel plate
fabricated 'I' or 'H' sections are referred to as built-up
members). The frame is erected by bolting the end plates of
connecting sections together.

97
 Secondary Component:
 Purlins, Girts and Eave Struts: Purlins, girts and
eave struts are also known as secondary cold-formed
members. There is no welding involved in their
preparation. They are prepared by press bending the
HR steel coil giving it the desired shape(Z- or C-
shape).
 Bracings : Longitudinal cross bracing, used to
provide lateral stability to the structure against wind,
seismic or other forces, comprises of rods, pipes,
angles or cables with an eye bolt and an adjusting nut
at both ends, located near the outer flange of columns
or rafters and attached at the web of the rigid frame.

98
CONTD..
 Sheeting or Cladding: Roof Panel and Wall
Panel
 Accessories: As per the functional and

architectural requirements, accessories are

supplied in ready to fit condition. Ventilation
and lighting systems should be properly
designed in consultation with an expert.

99
 Ridge Ventilators: Ridge ventilator is a type of
ventilator installed at the peak of a sloped roof
which allows warm, humid air to escape from the
building.

Turbo Ventilators: Turbo ventilators are designed and

engineered to exhaust Industrial pollutants such as smoke,
dust, poisonous gases, humidity, fumes, heat and many
more invisible irritants from the covered area. Turbo
ventilator provides a safe, cool, healthier and more
controlled environment by removing the entrapped heat
and industrial emission ensuring the health of workers,
thus contributing to an increase in workers productivity.
Turbo Ventilators provide energy free cooling and fresh air
through out the year.

Polycarbonate Sheet: Polycarbonate sheets

are environment friendly green global product.
Strip lights can be combined into any
100
architectural structure. It can be used in all
buildings to ensure uniform lighting.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGENCIES
 Low cost technology helps in reducing the
cost of construction through the use of locally
available materials along with improved skills
and technology without sacrificing the
strength, performance and life of the
structure.

101
 COSTFORD: CENTRE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY FOR RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
 COSTFORD is dedicated to changing the social,
economic, and political position of marginalised and
disadvantaged groups in society.
 COSTFORD focused heavily on improvement of housing
and made significant gains in providing alternative
philosophy and technologies for providing cost-effective,
energy efficient.
 COSTFORD has steadily progressed in establishing
capacity training programmes for everyone, from all s
 Local Economic Development (LED) is a constant
concern and COSTFORD lays priority on resource
identification, sourcing and utilisation in such a manner
that the local economy is benefited the most. selections
102
of the society, without gender differentiation.
 COSTFORD is also active in networking with other
NGOs, government agencies, and profit-making
organizations interested in contributing to positive
social change.
 COSTFORD works on a wide spectrum of activities

in the community for fostering societal change in

the direction of greater equality, peace, and
therefore more sustainable ways of living, especially
for marginalized and disadvantaged groups.

103
NIRNITHI KENDRA
 Nirmithi Kendra is primarily an organization to
disseminate information on low cost building
technologies and materials.
 The Nirmithi Kendras are established under the

Chairmanship of Deputy Commissioner of district

and Vice chairmanship of Chief Executive Officer,
Zilla panchayat.

104
 NIRNITHI KENDRA FEATURES
 These centres take care of the following features:
 Technology transfer from ‘lab’ to ‘land’ (The
programme intended to improve the economic condition
of small, marginal farmers and landless agricultural
labourers fast)
 Skill Upgradation and training centre for the construction
artisans on cost effective and disaster resistant
technologies.
 Building materials and component production centre
using these technologies.
 Construction centre using the trained work force and
building material products manufactured at the local
level for various building construction like housed,
schools, health centres, community centres, etc. 105
 Housing guidance, information and counseling centre for
the local population on all aspects of cost effective and
CONTD..
 The building centres all over the country have
played a major role in all the above areas in the
direction of providing housing at minimum cost as
compared to conventional technology using purely
steel, cement, wood, etc.
 Many projects were implemented with cost
reduction ranging from 30% to 50% as compared
to conventional methods.
 It is also seen that a few projects while showing

considerable cost reduction with better quality

and durability have led to the need for setting up
of more number of building centres. 106
REVIEWING THE ACTIVITIES
 Training and Awareness Programme
 Production of Cost Effective Building

Materials
 Construction of Low Cost Buildings

107
 COST EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES AND BUILDING MATERIALS
 Foundation
 1. Arch foundation
 2. Pile foundation
 3. Random rubble stone masonry foundation
 4. Block concreting to foundation
 5. Size stone masonry foundation
 Walling
 1. Soil cement blocks or stabilized mud blocks for
masonry by using regular or interlocking blocks
 2. Hollow concrete blocks for brick masonry
 3. Solid concrete blocks for brick masonry
 4. Rat trap bond masonry
108
 5. Boulder block or ruble filler blocks for brick masonry
 Roofing
 1. Filler slab roofing by using Mangalore tiles, bricks,
cavity clay tiles, coconut shells or filler materials
 2. Jack arch roofing by using cavity clay tiles or wire cut
bricks
 3. Brick panel roofing over RCC joists
 4. Cadapah slabs roofing over RCC joists
 5. Mangalore tiled roofing over steel angle purlins and
trusses
 6. Ferro cement channel roofing
 7. Brick vaults and domes
 8. Micro concrete tiles (MCR) roofing over steel purlins
109
and trusses
 Flooring
 1. Clay tiles flooring
 2. Cadapah slab flooring
 3. Combination of tandoor and cadapah flooring
 4. Ceramic tile flooring
 Joineries
 1. RCC door and window frames
 2. Pressed or angle iron frames
 3. Tyfac shutters
 4. Coir board shutters
 5. Cement particle board shutters
 6. Corrugate steel shutters 110

 7. MS and GI sheet shutters

 Training programmes in 16 to 20 trades in the
following areas are organized:
 Manufacture of soil cement blocks, boulder blocks,
cement concrete blocks,
 Production of cement door & window frames
 Production of ferro cement furniture
 Welding, domestic electrical wiring training
 Painting, bar bending, plumbing,
 Production of pre-cast elements, lintels etc
 Production of U shape Drainage slabs, Different Designer
Paving Blocks, Kerb stone, fencing poles etc.
111
 PRODUCTION SITE

PRODUCTION OF FERRO CEMENT

COMPONENTS & RCC WINDOW AT KENDRA
PREMISES

112
 TRAINING ACTIVITIES
Hands on Training for Construction Labourers and Masons –
Skill Development

Low Cost
Sanitation units 113
BAPUJI OLD AGE HOME AT GOKULAM,
MYSORE

114