Abstraction & Interfaces in Java

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 Abstraction

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Abstraction in Java
Data Abstraction is the process of identifying only the
required characteristics of an object ignoring the irrelevant
details.

Example, when we ride a bike, we only know about

how to ride bikes but can not know about how it work? And
also we do not know the internal functionality of a bike.

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Ways to achieve Abstraction

There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java

1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
2. Interface (100%)

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Abstract class in Java

A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is

known as an abstract class in Java. It can have abstract and
non-abstract methods (method with the body)

abstract class A{}

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Points to Remember
• An abstract class must be declared with an abstract
keyword.
• It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
• It cannot be instantiated.
• It can have constructors and static methods also.
• It can have final methods which will force the subclass not
to change the body of the method.

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Abstract Method in Java

A method which is declared as abstract and does not

have implementation is known as an abstract method.

Syntax:
abstract void printStatus();//no method body and abstract

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Abstract classes and Abstract methods :
• An abstract class is a class that is declared with
abstract keyword.
• An abstract method is a method that is declared without an
implementation.
• An abstract class may or may not have all abstract methods.
Some of them can be concrete methods
• Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must
also be declared with abstract keyword.
• There can be no object of an abstract class. That is, an
abstract class can not be directly instantiated with the
new operator.

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When to use abstract classes and abstract methods with
an example
Define a superclass that declares the structure of a
given abstraction without providing a complete
implementation of every method.

For example, We are doing Mathematical calculation such as

addition, multiplication and so on.., with the use of abstract
class and abstract method.

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abstract class Mathematics
{

// these are abstract methods

abstract double cal();

class add extends Mathematics

{
int a=5;
int b=5;

// @Override
double cal() {
return a+b;
}
}

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class Mul extends Mathematics{

double x=5;
double y=5;

//@Override
double cal() {
return x*y;
}

}
public class Main
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Mathematics M1 = new add();
Mathematics M2 = new Mul();

}
} © 2018 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.
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Output:
10
25

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Example of Abstract class that has an abstract method
abstract class Bike{
abstract void run();
}
class Honda4 extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
}

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Output:
running safely

In this example, Bike is an abstract class that contains

only one abstract method run. Its implementation is provided
by the Honda class.

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Another example of Abstract class in java
abstract class Car{
abstract void display();
}
//In real scenario, implementation is provided by others i.e.
unknown by end user
class model extends Car{
void display(){System.out.println("Car Model name: XYZ");}
}
class price extends Car{
void display(){System.out.println("Car price is 800000");}
}

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//In real scenario, method is called by programmer or user
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Car c1 = new model();
Car c2=new price();
c1.display();
c2.display();
}
}
Output:
Car Model name: XYZ

Car price is 800000

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Abstract class having constructor, data member and
methods

An abstract class can have a data member, abstract

method, method body (non-abstract method), constructor,
and even main() method.

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//Example of an abstract class that has abstract and non-
abstract methods
abstract class Bike{
Bike(){System.out.println("bike is created");}
abstract void run();
void changeGear(){System.out.println("gear changed");}
}
//Creating a Child class which inherits Abstract class
class Honda extends Bike{
void run(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
}

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//Creating a Test class which calls abstract and non-abstract
methods
class TestAbstraction2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda();
obj.run();
obj.changeGear();
}
}
Output:
bike is created
running safely..
gear changed
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Rule:
If there is an abstract method in a class, that class
must be abstract.

class Bike12{
abstract void run();
}
Output: Compile time error
Rule:
If you are extending an abstract class that has an
abstract method, you must either provide the implementation
of the method or make this class abstract.

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Encapsulation vs Data Abstraction

• Encapsulation is data hiding(information hiding) while

Abstraction is detail hiding(implementation hiding).
• While encapsulation groups together data and methods
that act upon the data, data abstraction deals with
exposing the interface to the user and hiding the details of
implementation.

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Advantages of Abstraction

• It reduces the complexity of viewing the things.

• Avoids code duplication and increases reusability.
• Helps to increase security of an application or program as
only important details are provided to the user

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 Interfaces

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Interface in Java
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has
static constants and abstract methods.

The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve

abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

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Java Interface also represents the IS-A relationship.
• It cannot be instantiated just like the abstract class.
• Since Java 8, we can have default and static methods in
an interface.
• Since Java 9, we can have private methods in an
interface.

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Use of Java interface
There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They
are given below,
• It is used to achieve abstraction.
• By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple
inheritance.
• It can be used to achieve loose coupling.

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Declaration of Interfaces:

An interface is declared by using the interface

keyword. It provides total abstraction; means all the methods
in an interface are declared with the empty body, and all the
fields are public, static and final by default.

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Syntax:

interface <interface_name>{

// declare constant fields

// declare methods that abstract
// by default.
}

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A real-world example:

Let’s consider the example of vehicles like bicycle, car,

bike………, they have common functionalities. So we make an
interface and put all these common functionalities. And lets
Bicycle, Bike, car ….etc implement all these functionalities in
their own class in their own way.

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import java.io.*;

interface Vehicle {

// all are the abstract methods.

void changeGear(int a);
void speedUp(int a);
void applyBrakes(int a);
}

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class Bicycle implements Vehicle{

int speed;
int gear;

// to change gear
@Override
public void changeGear(int newGear){

gear = newGear;
}

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public void printStates() {
System.out.println("speed: " + speed
+ " gear: " + gear);
}
}

class Bike implements Vehicle {

int speed;
int gear;

// to change gear
@Override
public void changeGear(int newGear){

gear = newGear;
}
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// to increase speed
@Override
public void speedUp(int increment){

speed = speed + increment;

}

// to decrease speed
@Override
public void applyBrakes(int decrement){

speed = speed - decrement;

}

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public void printStates() {
System.out.println("speed: " + speed
+ " gear: " + gear);
}

}
class GFG {

public static void main (String[] args) {

// creating an inatance of Bicycle

// doing some operations
Bicycle bicycle = new Bicycle();
bicycle.changeGear(2);
bicycle.speedUp(3);
bicycle.applyBrakes(1);
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 System.out.println("Bicycle present state :");
bicycle.printStates();

// creating instance of the bike.

Bike bike = new Bike();
bike.changeGear(1);
bike.speedUp(4);
bike.applyBrakes(3);

System.out.println("Bike present state :");

bike.printStates();
}
}

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Output:

Bicycle present state :

speed: 2 gear: 2
Bike present state :
speed: 1 gear: 1

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Java 8 Interface Improvement
Since Java 8, interface can have default and static
methods which is discussed later.

Internal addition by the compiler

The Java compiler adds public and abstract keywords
before the interface method. Moreover, it adds public, static
and final keywords before data members.

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The relationship between classes and interfaces
As shown in the figure given below, a class extends
another class, an interface extends another interface, but
a class implements an interface.

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Java Interface Example
interface printable{
void print();
}
class Java8 implements printable{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Java8 obj = new Java8();
obj.print();
}
}

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Output:
Hello

In this example, the Printable interface has only one

method, and its implementation is provided in the Java8
class.

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Multiple inheritance in Java by interface
If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an
interface extends multiple interfaces, it is known as multiple
inheritance.

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interface Print{
void print();
}
interface Show{
void show();
}
class Multiple implements Print,Show{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
}
class Main{
public static void main(String args[]){
Multiple obj = new Multiple();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}
}
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Multiple inheritance is not supported through class in
java, but it is possible by an interface, why?

Multiple inheritance is not supported in the case of

class because of ambiguity. However, it is supported in case
of an interface because there is no ambiguity.

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interface Printable{
void print();
}
interface Showable{
void print();
}

class TestInterface3 implements Printable, Showable{

public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestInterface3 obj = new TestInterface3();
obj.print();
}
}

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Output:
Hello

As you can see in the above example, Printable and

Showable interface have same methods but its
implementation is provided by class TestTnterface1, so there
is no ambiguity.

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Interface inheritance
interface Printable{
void print();
}
interface Showable extends Printable{
void show();
}
class TestInterface4 implements Showable{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}

public static void main(String args[]){

TestInterface4 obj = new TestInterface4();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}
}
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Output:
Hello
Welcome

A class implements an interface, but one interface

extends another interface.

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Java 8 Default Method in Interface
interface Drawable{
void draw();
default void msg(){System.out.println("default method");}
}
class Rectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
class TestInterfaceDefault{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Rectangle();
d.draw();
d.msg();
}}
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Output:
drawing rectangle
default method

Since Java 8, we can have method body in interface.

But we need to make it default method

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Marker or Tagged interface:
An interface which has no member is known as a
marker or tagged interface, for example, Serializable,
Cloneable, Remote, etc.

Syntax:
public interface Serializable{
}

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Nested Interface in Java

An interface i.e. declared within another interface or

class is known as nested interface. The nested interfaces are
used to group related interfaces so that they can be easy to
maintain. The nested interface must be referred by the outer
interface or class. It can't be accessed directly.

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Points to remember for nested interfaces
There are given some points that should be remembered by
the java programmer.

• Nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the

interface but it can have any access modifier if declared
within the class.
• Nested interfaces are declared static implicitely

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Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the
interface

interface interface_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...
}
}

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Syntax of nested interface which is declared within the
class

class class_name{
...
interface nested_interface_name{
...
}
}

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Example of nested interface which is declared within the interface
interface Showable{
void show();
interface Message{
void msg();
}
}
class TestNestedInterface1 implements Showable.Message{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello nested interface");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Showable.Message message=new TestNestedInterface1();//upcasting here
message.msg();
}
}
Output:hello nested interface

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Example of nested interface which is declared within the class
class A{
interface Message{
void msg();
}
}

class TestNestedInterface2 implements A.Message{

public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello nested interface");}

public static void main(String args[]){

A.Message message=new TestNestedInterface2();//upcasting here
message.msg();
}
}
Output:hello nested interface
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Difference between abstract class and interface
Abstract class and interface both are used to achieve
abstraction where we can declare the abstract methods.
Abstract class and interface both can't be instantiated.

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Abstract class Interface

1) Abstract class can have abstract and Interface can have only
non-abstract methods. abstract methods. Since Java 8, it can
have default and static methods also.

2) Abstract class doesn't support Interface supports multiple inheritance.

multiple inheritance.

3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface has only static and final
final, static and non-static variables. variables.

4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the

implementation of interface. implementation of abstract class.

5) The abstract keyword is used to The interface keyword is used to declare

declare abstract class. interface.

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6) An abstract class can extend An interface can extend another
another Java class and implement Java interface only.
multiple Java interfaces.
7) An abstract class can be An interface can be
extended using keyword implemented using keyword
"extends". "implements".
8) A Java abstract class can Members of a Java interface are
have class members like private, public by default.
protected, etc.
9)Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

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Example of abstract class and interface in Java
//Creating interface that has 4 methods
interface A{
void a();//bydefault, public and abstract
void b();
void c();
void d();
}

//Creating abstract class that provides the implementation of one method

of A interface
abstract class B implements A{
public void c(){System.out.println("I am C");}
}

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//Creating subclass of abstract class, now we need to provide the
implementation of rest of the methods
class M extends B{
public void a(){System.out.println("I am a");}
public void b(){System.out.println("I am b");}
public void d(){System.out.println("I am d");}
}

//Creating a test class that calls the methods of A interface

class Test5{
public static void main(String args[]){
A a=new M();
a.a();
a.b();
a.c();
a.d();
}}
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Output:
I am a
I am b
I am c
I am d

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MCQ’s

1. Which of these keywords are used to define an abstract

class?
a) abst
b) abstract
c) Abstract
d) abstract class

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Answer: b

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2. Which of these is not abstract?
a) Thread
b) AbstractList
c) List
d) None of the Mentioned

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Answer: a
Explanation: Thread is not an abstract class.

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3. If a class inheriting an abstract class does not define all of
its function then it will be known as?
a) Abstract
b) A simple class
c) Static class
d) None of the mentioned

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Answer: a
Explanation: Any subclass of an abstract class must either
implement all of the abstract method in the superclass or be
itself declared abstract.

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4. Which of these is not a correct statement?
a) Every class containing abstract method must be declared
abstract
b) Abstract class defines only the structure of the class not its
implementation
c) Abstract class can be initiated by new operator
d) Abstract class can be inherited

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Answer: c
Explanation: Abstract class cannot be directly initiated with
new operator, Since abstract class does not contain any
definition of implementation it is not possible to create an
abstract object.

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5. Which of these packages contains abstract keyword?
a) java.lang
b) java.util
c) java.io
d) java.system

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Answer: a

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6. What will be the output of the following Java code?
class A
{
public int i;
private int j;
}
class B extends A
{
void display()
{
super.j = super.i + 1;
System.out.println(super.i + " " + super.j);
}
}

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class inheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj = new B();
obj.i=1;
obj.j=2;
obj.display();
}
}
a) 2 2
b) 3 3
c) Runtime Error
d) Compilation Error
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Answer: d
Explanation: Class contains a private member variable j, this
cannot be inherited by subclass B and does not have access
to it.

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7. What will be the output of the following Java code?
class A
{
public int i;
public int j;
A()
{
i = 1;
j = 2;
}
}
class B extends A
{
int a;
B()
{
super();
}
}

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class super_use
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj = new B();
System.out.println(obj.i + " " + obj.j)
}
}
a) 1 2
b) 2 1
c) Runtime Error
d) Compilation Error

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Answer: a
Explanation: Keyword super is used to call constructor of
class A by constructor of class B. Constructor of a initializes i
& j to 1 & 2 respectively.

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8. What will be the output of the following Java code?
class A
{
int i;
void display()
{
System.out.println(i);
}
}
class B extends A
{
int j;
void display()
{
System.out.println(j);
}
}
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class method_overriding
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj = new B();
obj.i=1;
obj.j=2;
obj.display();
}
}
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) Compilation Error
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Answer: c
Explanation: class A & class B both contain display() method,
class B inherits class A, when display() method is called by
object of class B, display() method of class B is executed
rather than that of Class A.

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Which among the following best defines abstraction?
a) Hiding the implementation
b) Showing the important data
c) Hiding the important data
d) Hiding the implementation and showing only the features

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Answer: d
Explanation: It includes hiding the implementation part and
showing only the required data and features to the user. It is
done to hide the implementation complexity and details from
the user. And to provide a good interface in programming.

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Hiding the implementation complexity can ____________
a) Make the programming easy
b) Make the programming complex
c) Provide more number of features
d) Provide better features

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Answer: a
Explanation: It can make programming easy. The
programming need not know how the inbuilt functions are
working but can use those complex functions directly in the
program. It doesn’t provide more number of features or
better features.

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Class is _________ abstraction.
a) Object
b) Logical
c) Real
d) Hypothetical

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Answer: b
Explanation: Class is logical abstraction because it provides a
logical structure for all of its objects. It gives an overview of
the features of an object.

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Object is ________ abstraction.
a) Object
b) Logical
c) Real
d) Hypothetical

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Answer: c
Explanation: Object is real abstraction because it actually
contains those features of class. It is the implementation of
overview given by class. Hence the class is logical abstraction
and its object is real.

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Abstraction gives higher degree of ________
a) Class usage
b) Program complexity
c) Idealized interface
d) Unstable interface

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Answer: c
Explanation: It is to idealize the interface. In this way the
programmer can use the programming features more
efficiently and can code better. It can’t increase the program
complexity, as the feature itself is made to hide it.

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Abstraction can apply to ____________
a) Control and data
b) Only data
c) Only control
d) Classes

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Answer: a
Explanation: Abstraction applies to both. Control abstraction
involves use of subroutines and control flow abstraction. Data
abstraction involves handling pieces of data in meaningful
ways.

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Which among the following can be viewed as combination of
abstraction of data and code.
a) Class
b) Object
c) Inheritance
d) Interfaces

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Answer: b
Explanation: Object can be viewed as abstraction of data and
code. It uses data members and their functioning as data
abstraction. Code abstraction as use of object of inbuilt class.

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Abstraction principle includes___________
a) Use abstraction at its minimum
b) Use abstraction to avoid longer codes
c) Use abstraction whenever possible to avoid duplication
d) Use abstraction whenever possible to achieve OOP

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Answer: c
Explanation: Abstraction principle includes use of abstraction
to avoid duplication (usually of code). It this way the program
doesn’t contain any redundant functions and make the
program efficient.

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Higher the level of abstraction, higher are the details.
a) True
b) False

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Answer: b
Explanation: Higher the level of abstraction, lower are the
details. The best way to understand this is to consider a
whole system that is highest level of abstraction as it hides
everything inside. And next lower level would contain few of
the computer components and so on.

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Encapsulation and abstraction differ as ____________
a) Binding and Hiding respectively
b) Hiding and Binding respectively
c) Can be used any way
d) Hiding and hiding respectively

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Answer: a
Explanation: Abstraction is hiding the complex code. For
example, we directly use cout object in C++ but we don’t
know how is it actually implemented. Encapsulation is data
binding, as in, we try to combine a similar type of data and
functions together.

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In terms of stream and files ____________
a) Abstraction is called a stream and device is called a file
b) Abstraction is called a file and device is called a stream
c) Abstraction can be called both file and stream
d) Abstraction can’t be defined in terms of files and stream

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Answer: a
Explanation: Abstraction is called stream to provide a level of
complexity hiding, for how the files operations are actually
done. Actual devices are called file because in one way or
another, those can be considered as single entity and there is
nothing hidden.

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If two classes combine some private data members and
provides public member functions to access and manipulate
those data members. Where is abstraction used?
a) Using private access specifier for data members
b) Using class concept with both data members and member
functions
c) Using public member functions to access and manipulate
the data members
d) Data is not sufficient to decide what is being used

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Answer: c
Explanation: It is the concept of hiding program complexity
and actual working in background. Hence use of public
member functions illustrates abstraction here.

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A phone is made up of many components like motherboard,
camera, sensors and etc. If the processor represents all the
functioning of phone, display shows the display only, and the
phone is represented as a whole. Which among the following
have highest level of abstraction?
a) Motherboard
b) Display
c) Camera
d) Phone

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Answer: d
Explanation: Phone as a whole have the highest level of
abstraction. This is because the phone being a single unit
represents the whole system. Whereas motherboard, display
and camera are its components.

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Which among the following is not a level of abstraction?
a) Logical level
b) Physical level
c) View level
d) External level

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Answer: d
Explanation: Abstraction is generally divided into 3 different
levels, namely, logical, physical and view level. External level
is not defined in terms of abstraction.

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Using higher degree of abstraction __________
a) May get unsafe
b) May reduce readability
c) Can be safer
d) Can increase vulnerability

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Answer: c
Explanation: It will make the code safer. One may think it
reduces the readability, but the fact is, it actually helps us
understand the code better. We don’t have to read the
complex code which is of no use in understanding the
program.

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What is the syntax of abstract class in java?
A. abstract A{}
B. abstract class A
C. abstract class A{}
D. abstract class A[]

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Ans : C
Explanation:The syntax of abstract class in java is abstract
class A{}.

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What will be output for the folllowing code?
abstract class Bank {

private abstract void withdraw(); // Line 1

abstract void deposit();
public void balance(){} //Line 2
}
class office extends Bank{ // Line 3

void deposit() { // Line 4

// TODO Auto-generated method stub

}
}

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A. Compilation error in Line 1(abstract method cannot be
private)
B. Compilation error in Line 2(abstract class cannot have
concrete method)
C. Compilation error in Line 3(abstract class cannot be
extended)
D. Compilation error in Line 4(deposit method should have
public access modifier)

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Ans : A
Explanation: Yes, you are right!! As private method can’t be
overridden and abstract method should be overridden in
child classes, so this line will give compilation error.

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Which of these is not a correct statement?
A. Every class containing abstract method must be declared
abstract
B. Abstract class defines only the structure of the class not its
implementation
C. Abstract class can be initiated by new operator
D. Abstract class can be inherited

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Ans : C
Explanation: Abstract class cannot be directly initiated with
new operator, Since abstract class does not contain any
definition of implementation it is not possible to create an
abstract object.

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A method which is declared as abstract and does not have
implementation is known as an _____________?
A. Abstract Interface
B. Abstract Thread
C. Abstract List
D. abstract Method

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Ans : D
Explanation: A method which is declared as abstract and
does not have implementation is known as an abstract
method.

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