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    638309861602198345_6-Acid-BaseReactions

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    of 23

    AP Chemistry Unit 3

    ACIDS BASES

     Taste sour (lemons,  Bitter & slippery


    etc.) (soaps)
     Litmus is red  Litmus is blue
     Electrolytes if strong  Electrolytes if strong
    & soluble
     Arrhenius
     Acid: Substance that, when
    dissolved in water, increases the
    concentration of hydrogen ions
    (hydronium ions H30+).
     Base: Substance that, when
    dissolved in water, increases the
    concentration of hydroxide ions.
     Brønsted–Lowry
     Acid: Proton donor
     Base: Proton acceptor
    A Brønsted–Lowry acid…
    …must have a removable (acidic) proton H+.
    A Brønsted–Lowry base…
    …must have a pair of nonbonding electrons
    to accept H+.
    ...it is amphiprotic.
    −
    HCO3
    −
    HSO4
    H2O
     Monoprotic HCl, HBr, HI
     Diprotic H2SO4
     Triprotic H3PO4
     Water acts as a
    Brønsted–Lowry
    base and abstracts a
    proton (H+) from the
    acid.
     As a result, the
    conjugate base of
    the acid and a
    hydronium ion are
    formed.
     From the Latin word conjugare, meaning
    “to join together.”
     Reactions between acids and bases always
    yield their conjugate bases and acids.
     Substances that
    increase the
    concentration of H+
    when dissolved in
    water (Arrhenius).
     Proton donors
    (Brønsted–Lowry).
     Substances that
    increase the
    concentration of
    OH− when
    dissolved in water
    (Arrhenius).
     Proton acceptors
    (Brønsted–Lowry).
    In an acid-base
    reaction, the acid
    donates a proton
    (H+) to the base.
    Generally, when solutions of an acid and a
    base are combined, the products are a salt and
    water.
    HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
    When a strong acid reacts with a strong base,
    the net ionic equation is…

    HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

    H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
    When a strong acid reacts with a strong base,
    the net ionic equation is…
    HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

    H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

    H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq) 


    Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)

    H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)  H2O (l)


    Observe the
    reaction between
    Milk of Magnesia,
    Mg(OH)2, and HCl.
     React with certain metals (Zn, Fe, Mg) to
    produce H2 [flaming splint]
    HCl + Zn  ZnCl2 + H2
    [H+ + Zn  Zn+2 + H2]
     React with carbonates & bicarbonates to
    produce CO2(g) [toilet paper canon]
    HCl + CaCO3  CaCl2 + H2O
    +CO2
    [H+ + CaCO3  Ca+2 + H2O
    +CO2]
     Reacts with sulfites to produce SO2(g)
    Na2SO3 + HCl  SO2 + H2O + NaCl
    [SO3-2 + H+  SO2 + H2O]
     Reacts with nitrites to produce NO2 and
    NO
    KNO2 + HCl  NO2 + NO + H2O + KCl
    [NO2- + H+  NO2 + NO + H2O]
     Reacts with sulfides to produce H2S
     Ammonium salt and strong base with
    heat will produce NH3
    NH4Cl + NaOH  NH3 + H2O +
    NaCl
    [NH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2O]
     Bronsted-Lowry: mix acetic acid and
    potassium hydroxide
    HC2H3O2 + OH-  H2O + C2H3O2-
    *such a strong bronsted-lowry base it pulls H+ off the
    acid…OUCH!
    The analytical
    technique in
    which one can
    calculate the
    concentration
    of a solute in a
    solution.
    Endpoint is when indicator changes desired color.
    Equivalence point = moles of acid (H+) have
    neutralized moles of base (OH-)
    SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.15 Using Mass Relations in a Neutralization Reaction

    How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.100 M HNO3?

    Solution
    Analyze: The reactants are an acid, HNO3, and a base, Ca(OH)2. The volume and
    molarity of HNO3 are given, and we are asked how many grams of Ca(OH)2 are needed to
    neutralize this quantity of HNO3.
    Plan: We can use the molarity and volume of the HNO3 solution to calculate the number
    of moles of HNO3. We then use the balanced equation to relate the moles of HNO 3 to
    moles of Ca(OH)2. Finally, we can convert moles of Ca(OH)2 to grams. These steps can be
    summarized as follows:
    Solve: The product of the molar concentration of a solution and its volume in liters gives
    the number of moles of solute:

    Because this is an acid-base neutralization reaction, HNO 3 and Ca(OH)2 react to form and
    the salt containing Ca2+ and NO3

    Thus, Therefore,
    SAMPLE EXERCISE 4.15 continued

    Check: The size of the answer is reasonable. A small volume of dilute acid will require
    only a small amount of base to neutralize it.

    HW # 4 and finish Reactions


    Activity!

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