MODULE 1

2.1EMPLOYABILITY SKILL
DEVELOPMENT - II

COURSE OBJECTIVES 30 Hours

I.To assess and identify the individual employability skill deficiencies

2.Facilitating student to take remedial measures to improve the status of skill deficiencies and
enable students to apply these skills in order to be successful in professional life.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Become self-confident individuals by mastering communication skills, interpersonal

skills, and IT skills.

2. Demonsrate an understanding of employability skills and will be able to prepare a

structured resume, Handle group discussions and interviews effectively
MODULE 1: COMMUNICATION SKILLS: 10
Hours

Listening- the art of listening- Elements of listening, being an effective listener- practical exercises in
listening.

Reading- Understanding the elements of effective reading, using skimming and scanning techniques
for rapid reading, reading for comprehension- exercises in Reading Writing- Elements of good writing -
paragraphing skills. coherence and cohesion, lexical resources, grammatical range and accuracy in
writing - exercise in writing tasks.

Speaking- Elements of effective presentation skills- Vocal and Verbal, expression of ideas and
opinions, skills in haling a conversation and a dialogue. Exercise in speaking.

Group discussion- Purpose-Process- understanding the criteria for assessment, right types of
behaviour in GD- GD practice sessions
 MODULE 2: INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY SKILLS:

MS Word

1. Understanding the Business Functionalities of various options available in MS Word

a) Creating a new Document-Typing Skills (25 to 30 wpm)

b) Editing a document, Text formatting, Finding and replacing text and checking spelling

c) Using Clip gallery, working with tables, Using Mail merge, Creating a new data source

d) Accessing the data document, Printing a document

MS Excel:

1. Understanding the various functionalities of MS Excel

a) Basic operations: Operators in Excel, Modifying the worksheet layout, Working with functions - Date and
Time function, Statistical function, financial function, Mathematical function.

b) Formatting Charts

c) Finding Trends in Data

2. Using Sorting, Filter Functions, Text to Column Functions

3. Learning and implementing Conditional Formatting

4. Learning and implementing V-Lookup and H-Lookup

5. Learning and Implementing PIVOT

6. Inserting Charts, Graphs, Tables etc.

 MODULE 3: PRESENTATION SKILLS

Designing and delivering business presentations planning an effective business

presentation - identify your key message, know your audience, organizing the content,
vocal quality, delivery style­Exercises: short presentations.
Power Point Presentation:
I) Understanding the various functionalities of MS Power Point
a) Creating a presentation slide
b) Working with the text
c) Moving the frame and inse11ing clip art
d) Formatting the slide design
2) Designing the Master Slide and Theme SI ide
3) lmplementing the Organizational Charts, Functional Charts, Process Flow Charts, Timing
Diagram, Gaunt Charts and Other Project Management Tools required for the business.
4) Running Slide Shows: Adding Transitions and Animations
MODULE 4: INTERVIEW SKILLS

Understanding the interview process - ground work before interview - interviewing for
success - Tips on power dressing- exhibiting appropriate body language - Mock
Interviews and assessment
 MODULE 5: IMAGE
MANAGEMENT

The 4 C's of Personal branding, Step by step process of personal branding- Art and
Science of Creating a First Image. Clothes Power, Etiquette Ready, Fitness, Colour and
Clinic, Make-up. Grooming Personal Hygiene, and Business Etiquette.
MODULE 6: SKILL DEVELOPMENT
ACTIVITIES
Training Need Analysis, Skill development activities on leadership, team building.
conflict management. event management, self-management, life skills, Emotional
intelligence, positive thinking, crisis management, Digital skills: mock trading
activities, e-HR activities and other related skill development activities.
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication
The word ‘communication’ comes from the
Latin word commūnicāre, meaning ‘to
share’. Being able to communicate
effectively is one of the most important life
skills.
What is Effective
Communication?
What is effective communication?

According to the Collins Essential English Dictionary

(2006, 2nd edition), it’s a noun meaning...
1. the exchange of information, ideas, or feelings
2. something communicated, such as a message
3. communications means of travelling or
sending messages
It’s an art as much as a science
What is Effective Communication?

Information
The reality...

Information

Why?
 COMMUNICATION SKILLS
(LSRW)
• LISTENING
• SPEAKING
• READING
• WRITING
Listening

•Definition: The ability to accurately receive and interpret messages during

the communication process.
•Importance: Essential for understanding spoken messages, following
instructions, and engaging in effective dialogue.
•Key Skills:
• Active Listening: Fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and
remembering what is being said.
• Empathy: Understanding the speaker’s emotions and perspective.
• Patience: Allowing the speaker to finish without interruption.
• Clarification: Asking questions to ensure understanding.
Speaking

•Definition: The act of conveying information or expressing thoughts and

feelings through spoken words.
•Importance: Crucial for verbal communication, presentations, and effective
interpersonal interactions.
•Key Skills:
• Clarity: Speaking clearly and articulately to ensure the message is understood.
• Confidence: Speaking with assurance to engage the audience.
• Persuasion: Convincing others to understand or agree with your point of view.
• Active Listening: Responding appropriately to what others say.
Reading

•Definition: The process of interpreting written symbols and comprehending

the meaning of written text.
•Importance: Fundamental for gaining knowledge, following written
instructions, and engaging in written communication.
•Key Skills:
• Comprehension: Understanding and interpreting the meaning of the text.
• Critical Thinking: Analyzing and evaluating the content of the text.
• Speed Reading: Reading at an efficient pace while retaining comprehension.
• Retention: Remembering and recalling the information read.
Writing

•Definition: The act of producing written text to communicate ideas,

information, or emotions.
•Importance: Essential for documentation, communication in business and
academia, and expressing thoughts and ideas.
•Key Skills:
• Clarity: Writing clearly and concisely to ensure the message is understood.
• Grammar and Punctuation: Using correct language rules to enhance
readability.
• Structure: Organizing content logically with a clear introduction, body, and
conclusion.
• Creativity: Engaging the reader with compelling and interesting content.
Interrelation of the Four Skills

These four skills are interconnected and often

build upon each other. For instance, good
listening skills can improve speaking abilities,
while extensive reading can enhance writing
skills. Developing proficiency in all four areas is
crucial for effective communication in both
personal and professional contexts.
LISTENING
 Hearing Vs Listening

Hearing – Physical process,

natural, passive

Listening – Physical as well

as mental process, active,
learned process, a skill

Listening is hard.
You must choose to participate in the process of listening.
Definition of Listening:
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages during
the communication process.

Receiving Messages
•Scenario: In a classroom setting, the teacher explains a complex concept.

•Example: A student listens attentively without checking their phone or

talking to friends, ensuring they catch all the details.
Interpreting Messages
•Scenario: A friend shares that they are feeling overwhelmed with work.

•Example: You listen to their words, notice their tone of voice and body
language, and understand that they need support and encouragement, not
just practical advice.
During the Communication Process
•: This means listening is an active part of the ongoing exchange of
information between individuals.
•Example: In a conversation, a good listener makes eye contact, nods, and
provides verbal acknowledgments like "I see" or "That makes sense" to show
they are engaged in the communication process.
The Art of Listening
The art of listening involves more than just hearing
words. It requires full attention, understanding, and
interpretation of both verbal and non-verbal messages.
Effective listening is crucial for meaningful
communication and involves several key aspects,
including physical, psychological, and verbal projection.
 Physical Projection

Explanation: Physical projection involves using body language and physical presence
to show that you are actively listening and engaged in the conversation.

Key Elements:
•Eye Contact: Maintaining eye contact shows that you are focused and paying attention.

•Nodding: Nodding occasionally to acknowledge understanding.

•Facial Expressions: Using appropriate facial expressions to show empathy, interest, or

concern.
•Body Posture: Leaning slightly forward to show interest and avoiding closed-off
postures like crossing arms.
Example: During a one-on-one meeting with your manager, you maintain
eye contact, nod in agreement when appropriate, and lean slightly forward.
Your body language shows that you are fully engaged and interested in what
your manager is saying.
Psychological Projection

Explanation: Psychological projection involves being mentally present and

genuinely interested in the speaker's message. It requires empathy,
understanding, and avoiding prejudgments.

Key Elements:
•Empathy: Putting yourself in the speaker's shoes to understand their
feelings and perspectives.
•Open-mindedness: Being receptive to new ideas and viewpoints without
immediate judgment.
•Concentration: Focusing your mental energy on the speaker and avoiding
distractions.
Example: A friend confides in you about a personal problem. You listen
without interrupting, avoid thinking about your response while they are
speaking, and try to understand their emotions and perspective. Your
empathetic and open-minded approach helps your friend feel heard and
supported.
Verbal Projection

Explanation: Verbal projection involves using spoken language to show that

you are listening and to clarify or confirm understanding.

Key Elements:
•Paraphrasing: Restating the speaker's message in your own words to
confirm understanding.
•Asking Questions: Asking relevant questions to gather more information
and show interest.
•Providing Feedback: Giving appropriate feedback or responses that
demonstrate engagement with the speaker's message.
Example: During a team discussion, a colleague shares an idea for a new
project. You respond by saying, "So, if I understand correctly, you're
suggesting we focus on targeting a younger demographic with our next
marketing campaign. Is that right?" You also ask, "Can you explain how you
see this fitting into our current strategy?" This shows that you are actively
listening and interested in understanding their proposal fully.
 VALUE OF LISTENING
 Listening to others is an elegant art.
 Good listening reflects courtesy and good manners.
 Listening carefully to the instructions of superiors improve competence and
performance.
 The result of poor listening skill could be disastrous in business,
employment and social relations.
Good listening can eliminate a number of imaginary grievances of employees.
Good listening skill can improve social relations and conversation.
Listening is a positive activity rather than a passive or negative activity.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3ku5nx4tMU
Reasons behind poor listening
Distractions
Lack of Interest:
Prejudices and Biases
Emotional Barriers
Cognitive Overload
Assumptions and Interruptions
Reasons behind poor listening
Distractions: If you’re in a noisy café with loud music and conversations, it’s
challenging to focus on a discussion with a friend, leading to missed details.

Lack of Interest: During a long meeting about a topic you find irrelevant, you might
zone out, only catching part of the discussion.

Prejudices and Biases: If you have a negative opinion about a speaker’s political
views, you might ignore their valid points and only focus on areas you disagree with.

Emotional Barriers: If you're feeling anxious about an upcoming presentation, you

might struggle to listen to feedback from a colleague, as your mind is preoccupied
with worry

Cognitive Overload: In a fast-paced training session where too much information is

presented in a short time, you might find it hard to process and retain all the details.

Assumptions and Interruptions: If you assume you know what a colleague is

going to say and interrupt them, you might miss crucial information or
misunderstand their message.
Types of listening
Active Listening: Fully engaging with the speaker by paying attention,
responding appropriately, and providing feedback. For example, during a
counseling session, a therapist uses active listening to understand and
support the client's feelings.

Reflective Listening: Involves paraphrasing or summarizing what the

speaker has said to confirm understanding. For instance, a teacher might use
reflective listening when a student explains their thoughts on a topic to
ensure the teacher has accurately understood the student’s perspective.
Critical Listening: Evaluating and analyzing the information presented to
form a judgment or opinion. An example is when a jury listens to evidence in
a court trial to determine the credibility of the testimony and make a verdict.

Empathetic Listening: Understanding and sharing the feelings of the

speaker. For example, a friend might practice empathetic listening when
another friend shares their struggles, offering support and understanding.
Passive Listening: Hearing the speaker without actively engaging or
responding. For instance, listening to background music in a café where
you’re not focused on the details of the lyrics.

Selective Listening: Focusing only on specific parts of the message while

ignoring others. For example, tuning out technical details in a presentation
and only listening to the key takeaways relevant to your interests.
 Being an effective listener.
Essentials of learning
Give Full Attention: Focus completely on the speaker, avoiding distractions
like checking your phone or multitasking. Maintain eye contact and be
present in the moment.

Show That You're Listening: Use verbal and non-verbal cues to signal that
you're engaged, such as nodding, using affirmative words (e.g., "I see,"
"That’s interesting"), and leaning slightly forward.

Provide Feedback: Reflect on what has been said by summarizing or

paraphrasing the speaker’s points. This shows that you have understood and
are actively processing the information.

Defer Judgment: Avoid forming opinions or judgments about the speaker or

their message until you have heard them out completely. This helps in
understanding their perspective fully.
Practice Empathy: Try to understand and relate to the speaker’s emotions and
perspective. Empathizing with their feelings can lead to a deeper connection and better
communication.

Be Open-Minded: Approach conversations with an open mind and a willingness to

consider different viewpoints. This encourages more effective and productive discussions.

Manage Your Emotions: Stay calm and composed, especially when dealing with sensitive
or contentious topics. Your emotional state can impact how well you listen and respond

.Avoid Interrupting: Let the speaker finish their thoughts before responding. Interruptions
can disrupt the flow of conversation and signal that you are not fully engaged.

Take Notes: When appropriate, jot down key points to help remember and reflect on the
information later. This is particularly useful in meetings or lectures.
Barriers to listening
OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO
LISTENING
READING
Reading- Understanding the elements of
effective reading, using skimming and
scanning techniques for rapid reading,
reading for comprehension- exercises in
Reading

Writing- Elements of good writing -

paragraphing skills. coherence and
cohesion, lexical resources, grammatical
range and accuracy in writing - exercise in
writing tasks.
Effective reading involves several elements that work together to enhance
comprehension, retention, and engagement with the material. Understanding
these elements can help you become a more proficient reader, whether for
academic purposes or personal growth. Here are the key elements:
Purpose Setting
• Define the Purpose: Before you begin reading, clarify why you are reading the
material. Are you reading to learn something new, gather information for a project, or
simply for enjoyment? Knowing your purpose helps you focus on relevant information
and filter out unnecessary details.

2. Active Engagement
• Questioning: Ask questions about the material before, during, and after reading.
This keeps your mind engaged and helps you dig deeper into the content.
• Annotation: Take notes, highlight key points, or annotate the text. This not only
keeps you engaged but also makes it easier to review the material later.
Comprehension
• Understand the Context: Grasp the context of the material, including the background of the
topic, the author's purpose, and the intended audience. Understanding context can significantly
enhance comprehension.
• Vocabulary: Be aware of unfamiliar words and make an effort to understand them, either through
context or by looking them up. A strong vocabulary is crucial for understanding complex material.

4. Critical Thinking
• Analyze the Material: Evaluate the arguments, evidence, and assumptions presented in the text.
Consider whether the information is credible, logical, and well-supported.
• Synthesize Information: Combine insights from the text with your existing knowledge. This
helps you form new ideas and deepen your understanding.
Retention and Recall
•Summarization: After reading, summarize the key points in your own words.
This helps solidify the information in your memory.
•Review: Regularly review the material you’ve read. Spaced repetition can
improve long-term retention of the information.

6. Application
•Apply What You’ve Learned: Use the knowledge you’ve gained in practical
situations. Whether it’s applying a new skill, engaging in discussions, or using
the information in your work, application reinforces learning.
Reading is an important component of this process since it helps them
enhance their vocabulary and word recognition abilities. Furthermore,
reading helps in developing major comprehension skills that they can use
later in life for schoolwork
Reading Strategies
• Skimming and Scanning: Use skimming to get an overview of the material and scanning to find
specific information. These strategies are useful when you need to process large amounts of text
quickly.
• Reading Speed: Adjust your reading speed based on the difficulty of the material and your purpose.
Slower reading might be necessary for complex texts, while faster reading can be used for simpler
material.

8. Metacognition
• Self-Monitoring: Be aware of your understanding as you read. If you find yourself confused or
losing focus, take a break or revisit difficult sections.
• Adjusting Strategies: Modify your reading strategies if you find they aren’t working. This might
involve changing your reading environment, pace, or note-taking method.
 Improves vocabulary The capacity to
communicate effectively is a crucial life
Benefits on skill, and when students read books it
how reading helps them to communicate better. For
instance, various top accredited and
skills from the good schools/colleges in India have a
Right age will well-stocked library, they believe for
students to accomplish extensive
lead in learning, it is vital for them to have
enhances access to an excellent supply of books.
communicatio With variety of books from different
genres, students get introduced to
n skills: various concepts and theories, this
leads to a positive modification of their
language skills and the improvement of
their communication.
Better writing skills Reading leads to
increasing writing skills as the child’s vocabulary
and communication skills grow. Be it schools in
Pune or schools in Yelahanka, teachers
understand the importance of writing skills,
students have multiple of written assignments
along with monthly based written projects that
they need to submit. This is why teachers
motivate the students to read, as it helps in
improving in writing skills because when students
read a well-written work, they notice its writing
style and compositions, and that will help them
more.
Reading proves to be good for health
Reading a good book helps to relax and
unwind. Reading as part of your daily practise
can alter student’s life, it provides a boost by
reducing stress and tension. Reading may be
both amusing and educational.
Reading stimulates the mind Most Good
schools in India include mandatory oral
reading time in the school time table
schedule for all age groups. Students get to
learn new concepts, languages, and culturally
specific meanings by reading a variety of
texts and books. Reading broadens one's
imagination, creativity, and analytical abilities
as one analyses text and discovers important
connections in them.
Remember that reading is an excellent
approach for students to expand their
vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension
of the world around them. As a result,
reading promotes healthy and constructive
communication that is sympathetic, and
honest. Good communication is all about
being confident, communicating with the
intention of connecting with others, and
leaving everyone with a positive feeling at
the end of a discussion
Skimming:

• Purpose: Skimming is used to get a general overview of the content quickly. It involves
reading through a text rapidly to grasp the main ideas without focusing on every detail.
• How to Skim:
• Read the introduction and conclusion to understand the main points.
• Glance through headings, subheadings, and bolded text.
• Look at the first and last sentences of paragraphs to identify key ideas.

• When to Use: Skimming is particularly useful when you need to determine the relevance
of a text or when you're looking for a general understanding before a more detailed read.

Example: If you're skimming a research article, you might focus on the abstract,
headings, and conclusion to quickly understand the study's purpose and findings.
Scanning:

• Purpose: Scanning is used to locate specific information within a text quickly. It involves
moving your eyes rapidly over the text to find particular words, phrases, or data.
• How to Scan:
• Know what you're looking for—specific names, dates, statistics, or keywords.
• Move your eyes down the page without reading every word, stopping when you find the
information you're searching for.

• When to Use: Scanning is effective when you need to find specific details in a large
volume of text, such as searching for a date in a history book or a definition in a glossary.

Example: If you're scanning a textbook for a definition of "forensic accounting," you

might quickly move through the pages until you find the term and its explanation.
Reading for Comprehension:

• Purpose: Reading for comprehension is focused on understanding and retaining the content.
It involves a more thorough and detailed reading process compared to skimming and
scanning.
• How to Read for Comprehension:
• Read actively by questioning the material, making notes, and summarizing key points.
• Reread difficult sections to ensure understanding.
• Reflect on the material to connect it with prior knowledge or apply it to practical situations.

• When to Use: This technique is crucial when you need a deep understanding of the text,
such as when studying for exams, preparing a report, or engaging with complex materials.

Example: When reading a complex chapter on economic theories, you might take your time
to understand each concept, summarize it in your own words, and relate it to what you've
previously learned
Writing
1. Place the Reader First
• Explanation: Always consider the reader's perspective when writing. Understand their needs,
expectations, and knowledge level, and tailor your content accordingly. This ensures that your
message is clear and relevant to the reader, making your writing more engaging and effective.

2. Keep to the Point

• Explanation: Be concise and direct in your writing. Avoid unnecessary details and focus on the main
message you want to convey. Clear and straightforward writing helps the reader grasp your point
quickly, making your content more impactful.

3. Set the Right Tone

• Explanation: The tone of your writing should match the purpose and audience. Whether it's formal,
casual, or informative, choosing the appropriate tone helps establish the right connection with your
readers and ensures your message is received as intended.
4. Write a Strong Opening
•Explanation: The opening of your writing should grab the reader's attention
and set the stage for the content that follows. A compelling introduction
engages the reader and encourages them to continue reading, providing a
clear indication of what to expect.

5. Write a Strong Close

•Explanation: Your closing should reinforce your main points and leave a
lasting impression on the reader. It’s the final opportunity to emphasize your
message and encourage action, reflection, or further thought. A strong
conclusion ensures your writing has a memorable impact.
 Paragraphing

Paragraphing is a crucial aspect of writing

that helps organize ideas, making content
easier to read and understand. A well-
structured paragraph enhances the flow of a
text and guides the reader through the
argument or narrative.
1. Purpose of Paragraphing
• Clarity and Organization: Paragraphs break down
complex ideas into manageable sections, each
focusing on a single point or idea. This makes the text
clearer and more organized.
• Improves Readability: Well-paragraphed writing is
easier to read and follow. It allows readers to absorb
one idea at a time without being overwhelmed.
• Guides the Reader: Paragraphs act as visual cues
that guide the reader through the text, signaling
when a new idea or point is being introduced.
Structure of a Paragraph

• Topic Sentence: The first sentence of a paragraph,

known as the topic sentence, introduces the main
idea of the paragraph. It sets the tone and focus for
the sentences that follow.
• Supporting Sentences: These sentences develop
the main idea by providing explanations, examples,
evidence, or details. They expand on the topic
sentence and contribute to the overall argument or
narrative.
• Concluding Sentence (Optional): A concluding
sentence can sum up the paragraph’s main idea or
provide a transition to the next paragraph. This helps
in maintaining the flow of the text.
Unity and Coherence
•Unity: A paragraph should focus on a single idea or theme. All sentences
within the paragraph should relate to this central idea, avoiding unnecessary
digressions.
•Coherence: The sentences within a paragraph should be logically
connected. Use transition words (e.g., however, moreover, therefore) and
phrases to ensure the ideas flow smoothly from one sentence to the next.
Paragraph Length
•Varied Length: Paragraph length can vary depending on the purpose and
style of writing. While academic writing might favor longer, more detailed
paragraphs, other forms of writing may use shorter paragraphs for impact or
emphasis.
•Avoid Overly Long Paragraphs: Paragraphs that are too long can be
difficult to read and may lose the reader’s attention. Conversely, very short
paragraphs may seem underdeveloped. Aim for a balance, ensuring each
paragraph fully explores its idea.
Transitions Between Paragraphs
•Smooth Transitions: Use transition words
or phrases to link paragraphs together,
creating a seamless flow from one idea to the
next. This helps in maintaining coherence
throughout the text.
•Logical Progression: Arrange paragraphs in
a logical order, where each one builds on the
previous one, contributing to the overall
argument or narrative.
The Role of Paragraphing in
Different Types of Writing
Narrative Writing:
•Purpose: Narrative writing tells a story or recounts events. It often includes
characters, a plot, and a setting. The writing may be fictional or based on real
events.
•Structure: In narrative writing, paragraphs shift to reflect changes in action,
dialogue, or setting. This keeps the story moving at a good pace and helps to
maintain the reader's interest.
Expository Writing: Paragraphs in expository writing typically present and
support different aspects of an argument or explanation. Each paragraph
might tackle a different point or piece of evidence. Example:
Imagine you're writing about climate change. In expository writing, you might
have one paragraph explaining what climate change is,

another paragraph discussing the causes of climate change, and

third paragraph detailing its effects on the environment. Each paragraph

would present factual information without trying to persuade the reader to
take a particular stance.
Persuasive Writing:
• Purpose: The main goal of persuasive writing is to convince the reader to adopt a
specific viewpoint or take a particular action. The writing presents arguments supported
by evidence and often addresses counterarguments.
• Structure: Each paragraph is designed to build the overall argument, with reasons,
evidence, and counterarguments systematically presented to persuade the reader.
• Example:
If you're writing about climate change in a persuasive essay, you might argue that
governments should implement stricter regulations to reduce carbon emissions. Each
paragraph would present a reason why stricter regulations are necessary, supported by
evidence, and might also address potential counterarguments.
Revising Paragraphs
•Review Structure: After writing, review each paragraph to ensure it has a
clear topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a logical conclusion.
•Check for Unity and Coherence: Ensure that each paragraph is unified
around a single idea and that the ideas within and between paragraphs are
coherently connected.
 Speaking Skills
Aspect Description Example

Essential for everyday

communication, expressing A person discussing their
Speaking Skills in
thoughts, opinions, and weekend plans with a
Common Life
emotions clearly, and friend over coffee.
interacting with others.

Crucial for presenting

A manager presenting a
ideas, negotiating, leading
Speaking Skills in quarterly report in a
teams, networking, and
Business meeting or negotiating
establishing professional
terms with a supplier.
relationships.
 Types of Speaking Skills
Type Description Example
Greeting a colleague with
Casual, social talk aimed at
"How's your day going?" or
Talk as Interaction establishing rapport and
chatting with neighbors
maintaining relationships.
about the weather.
A customer service
representative helping a
Goal-oriented talk focused on
customer with a return or a
Talk as Transactional exchanging information or
project team discussing
completing tasks.
deadlines and deliverables
during a status meeting.
A CEO delivering a keynote
Formal talk where the
speech at a conference or a
speaker addresses an
Talk as Performance teacher giving a lecture to
audience with a specific
students on a particular
purpose.
subject.
 Barriers to Speaking
Barrier Description Example
Anxiety, lack of confidence, or A student being nervous to ask
Psychological Barriers fear of judgment that hinders questions in class because they
effective communication. fear appearing ignorant.
Limited vocabulary, incorrect A non-native English speaker
grammar, or poor pronunciation struggling to convey their ideas
Linguistic Barriers
that makes communication during a business meeting due
unclear. to limited vocabulary.
Noise, distractions, or an Trying to have a conversation on
uncomfortable setting that a busy street with loud traffic or
Environmental Barriers
disrupts the flow of during a video call with a poor
communication. internet connection.
A misunderstanding arising
when a Western businessperson
Differences in cultural norms,
uses direct language in
Cultural Barriers values, or communication styles
negotiations with an East Asian
that create misunderstandings.
counterpart who values indirect
communication.
Tips to Improve Speaking Skills
Tip Explanation Example
Engage in conversations,
Joining a public speaking
practice public speaking, or
club like Toastmasters to
Practice Regularly participate in discussions
practice and improve
to build confidence and
speaking skills.
fluency.
Reading books, articles,
Learn new words and
and watching shows in a
phrases, and practice using
target language, and
Expand Vocabulary them in context to
incorporating new
enhance communication
vocabulary into everyday
skills.
conversations.
Ask for constructive Recording a speech or
feedback from peers or presentation and asking a
Seek Feedback mentors to identify areas mentor for feedback on
for improvement and refine delivery, content, and
speaking skills. style.
CONTD
Tip Explanation Example
Aim for clear and concise Practicing giving elevator
communication by pitches that clearly convey
Focus on Clarity organizing thoughts before the main idea within a
speaking and avoiding short timeframe, such as
unnecessary fillers. 30 seconds.
Simplifying technical
Tailor your message to the
jargon when speaking to a
audience’s needs,
non-specialist audience, or
Understand Your interests, and level of
providing detailed
Audience understanding to make
explanations when
communication more
addressing a technical
effective.
audience.
Elements of Effective
Presentation Skills

Effective presentation skills are essential for clearly and confidently conveying your
message to an audience. Here are key elements that contribute to a successful
presentation:

1.Clarity of Message: The core message should be clear and easily understandable to the
audience.

2.Audience Engagement: Engage with the audience through eye contact, questions, and
interactive elements to maintain their interest.

3.Structure: Organize your content with a clear beginning, middle, and end. This helps
guide the audience through your points.

4.Visual Aids: Use slides, charts, or videos to complement your verbal message, but
ensure they are not cluttered and are easy to read.
CONTD:
Confidence and Body Language: Stand tall, use gestures naturally, and
project confidence through your posture and movement.

Tone and Pace: Vary your tone and pace to emphasize key points and
maintain the audience's attention.

Preparation and Practice: Thorough preparation and repeated practice help to

reduce anxiety and improve the delivery of the presentation.

Handling Questions: Be prepared to answer questions with clarity and

confidence, and consider potential queries beforehand.
The 3 V's of Communication in
Presentation

The "3 V's" refer to the three critical aspects of communication:

1.Verbal Communication: The words you use in your presentation. Ensure

your language is appropriate for your audience and your message is clear.

2.Vocal Communication: How you use your voice, including tone, pitch, and
volume. This can help convey enthusiasm, urgency, and confidence.

3.Visual Communication: Your body language, facial expressions, and eye

contact. Non-verbal cues significantly impact how your message is received.
Expressions for Expressing
Opinions

•Expressing a Neutral Opinion:

• "In my opinion..."
• "It seems to me that..."
• "From my point of view..."

•Expressing a Strong Opinion:

• "I firmly believe that..."
• "Without a doubt..."
• "I'm convinced that..."
•Agreeing with Someone:
•"I completely agree with you."
•"You’re absolutely right."
•"I couldn’t agree more."
•Disagreeing Politely:
•"I see your point, but..."
•"That’s a valid point, however..."
•"I’m not sure I agree with that."
•Asking for Someone’s Opinion:
•"What are your thoughts on this?"
•"How do you feel about that?"
•"What’s your opinion?"
Features of a Good Conversation
Feature Explanation Example
Paying full attention to the Nodding, maintaining eye
Active Listening speaker and showing contact, and providing
understanding. feedback like "I see."
Speaking with politeness Using phrases like
Respectful Tone and consideration for the "Please," "Thank you," and
other person's feelings. "I appreciate your point."
Being clear and concise in Instead of "Maybe we could
Clarity your communication to meet later," say "Let's
avoid misunderstandings. meet at 3 PM."
Features of a Good Conversation
Feature Explanation Example
Showing understanding of "I can understand why you
Empathy the other person's feel that way. It must be
emotions and perspective. difficult."
Choosing the right moment Waiting for a pause in a
Appropriate Timing to speak or ask questions. conversation to share your
thoughts.
Using gestures and facial Smiling, leaning slightly
Positive Body Language expressions that show forward, and maintaining
engagement and interest. an open posture.
 Types of Conversation
Type of Conversation Description Example
Informative Focused on sharing A teacher explaining a
Conversation information or knowledge. concept to students.
Aimed at convincing A salesperson discussing
Persuasive
someone to accept a point the benefits of a product to
Conversation
of view or take action. a customer.
Casual and informal
Chatting with friends about
Social Conversation conversation to build
weekend plans.
relationships.
Focused on getting Ordering food at a
Transactional
something done or restaurant or discussing a
Conversation
completing a task. project at work.
Aimed at providing
Therapeutic A therapist helping a client
emotional support or
Conversation explore their feelings.
counseling.
 Skills for Handling Conversation
Skill for Handling
Explanation Example
Conversation
Encouraging detailed
"What do you think about
Open-Ended Questions responses rather than
this idea?"
yes/no answers.
Restating what someone
"So you're saying that the
Paraphrasing has said to confirm
main issue is the deadline?"
understanding.
Briefly summarizing what "To summarize, we've
Summarizing has been discussed to decided to meet next week
clarify and confirm. to finalize the plan."
Using body language to Nodding, smiling, and
Non-Verbal Cues show attentiveness and maintaining eye contact
engagement. during a conversation.
Addressing and resolving
"Let's find a solution that
Conflict Resolution disagreements calmly and
works for both of us."
Situational Dialogues

1. Asking the Way

•Scenario: You're lost in a new city and need directions to the nearest subway
station.
•Dialogue:
• You: "Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the nearest subway
station?"
• Stranger: "Sure, it's just two blocks down this street, then take a left. You'll see
it right in front of you."
• You: "Thank you so much! I really appreciate it."
On a Bus

•Scenario: You're on a bus and need to ask the driver if the bus stops at a
specific location.
•Dialogue:
• You: "Excuse me, does this bus stop at Central Park?"
• Driver: "Yes, it does. The stop is in about 10 minutes."
• You: "Great, thank you for the information."
Tips to Improve Speaking
Skills

• Practice Regularly: The more you practice speaking, the more confident you'll become. Try speaking
in different situations, such as in a group, one-on-one, or over the phone.
• Listen Actively: Pay attention to how others speak, including their tone, pace, and choice of words.
Learn from both good and bad examples.
• Expand Vocabulary: Continuously learn new words and phrases to express yourself better. Reading
and watching diverse content can help with this.
• Record Yourself: Recording and listening to yourself speak can help identify areas for improvement,
such as clarity, tone, and pacing.
• Seek Feedback: Ask friends, colleagues, or mentors to give you constructive feedback on your
speaking skills.
• Join Public Speaking Groups: Consider joining groups like Toastmasters, where you can practice
and improve your speaking skills in a supportive environment.
 Situational Dialogue: At Lunch in a Restaurant

Scenario: You and a friend are having lunch at a restaurant. You need to order food, ask about the menu,
and handle any other typical dining interactions.

Dialogue:
• You: "Hello, could we see the menu, please?"

• Waiter: "Certainly, here are the menus. Would you like something to drink while you decide?"

• You: "Yes, I'll have a glass of water, please. What do you recommend for lunch?"

• Waiter: "Our chef's special today is the grilled salmon with a lemon butter sauce, served with steamed
vegetables. It's very popular."
• Friend: "That sounds good. I think I'll have that. What about you?"

• You: "I'll go with the chicken Caesar salad, and could I have the dressing on the side, please?"
• Waiter: "Certainly. Would you like any appetizers or dessert?"

• You: "Not at the moment, thank you. That will be all for now."

• Waiter: "Great. I'll get that order in for you right away."

• You (after the meal): "Could we have the check, please?"

• Waiter: "Of course, I'll bring it right over."

• Friend: "The food was really good. We should come here again."

• You: "Absolutely! I'm glad you enjoyed it."

• Waiter (bringing the check): "Here's your check. Thank you for dining with us today."

• You: "Thank you very much. Have a good day!"

• Waiter: "You too!"

key aspects of Group Discussion
(GD)
Aspect Description/Details
1. Topic-Based GD: Discussion centered
around a specific topic (e.g., "Impact of
Technology on Education").
2. Case-Based GD: Involves analyzing
and discussing a case study or scenario
(e.g., ethical dilemma).
Types of Group Discussion (GD)
3. Abstract GD: Discussion based on
abstract ideas or phrases (e.g., "Time is
Money").
4. Factual GD: Involves discussions on
factual data or current events (e.g.,
"Global Warming").
 1. Communication Skills: Clarity,
articulation, and coherence of ideas.
2. Content Knowledge: Depth of
understanding and relevance of
contributions.
3. Group Behavior: Ability to work in a
team, listening skills, and respect for
Criteria for Assessment
others' opinions.
4. Leadership Qualities: Ability to lead
and guide the discussion, and influence
the group positively.
5. Analytical Skills: Ability to analyze
topics critically, offer solutions, and think
logically.
 1. Active Listening: Listen attentively
to others' contributions.
2. Clear Communication: Express ideas
clearly and concisely.
3. Respectful Interaction: Show
respect for differing opinions and avoid
Right Type of Behavior in GD interrupting others.
4. Constructive Criticism: Offer
feedback and suggestions in a positive
manner.
5. Time Management: Speak within the
allotted time and allow others to
participate.
Examples of Behavior in Group
Discussion:
Behavior Type Examples
Nodding in agreement, asking follow-up
Active Listening questions, paraphrasing others' points to
show understanding.
Using concise language, avoiding jargon, and
Clear Communication
staying on-topic.
Using phrases like "I appreciate your point,"
Respectful Interaction and waiting for the speaker to finish before
responding.
"I see your point, but I think we should also
Constructive Criticism consider..." instead of outright dismissing
someone’s idea.
Summarizing key points, suggesting ways to
Leadership Qualities move the discussion forward, or encouraging
quieter members to contribute.
THANK YOU