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Lecture 07 - Computer Networks

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Lecture 07 - Computer Networks

Uploaded by

abdsyd21
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 03: Computer Networks

109101– Introduction to ICT

Sheeraz Ahmad Khan

Lecturer CS
Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad
Today’s Aim
• What is a ‘Computer Network’
• Advantages & Disadvantages of Networks
• Types of Networks
• Components of a Network
• Communication Media
Computer Network
• A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are
connected to each other to share information and resources.
• System of independent but linked computers
• Sharing
• data and Resources
• Hard disks
• Printers and scanners
• Electronic Communication
Characteristics of Computer
Network
• Share resources from one computer to another.

• Create files and store them in one computer, access those files from
the other computer(s) connected over the network.

• Connect a printer, scanner, or a fax machine to one computer within


the network and let other computers of the network use the
machines available over the network.
Advantages of a Network
• Speed
• Cost
• Centralized Software Management
• Resource Sharing
• Electronic Mail
• Flexible Access
• Workgroup Computing
Disadvantages
• Initial Costs
• Administrative Support needs to be provided
• A single point of Failure (e.g., File Server Failure)
• Cables Breakage
Types of Networks
(According to N/W Access Policy)
• Private
• Privately owned by Organizations
• Only Authorized Computer gain Access
• Information is Protected
• Public
• Shared by Organizations and Individuals
• Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
• Uses Public Network
• Seems like a Secure Private Network
Types of Networks
(According to N/W Access Policy)
• VPN is Used for:
• LAN-to-LAN Internetworking
• Remote Access Client Connections
• Shared resource (Internet) is used for connecting remote parts of the private
network
Types of Networks
(According to N/W Access Policy)
• Advantages of VPN:
• Lower Cost
• Network Scalability
• Ease of Use

• Disadvantages of VPN:
• Complex Security Procedure
• Reliability and Performance
• Equipment Compatibility
Types of Networks
(According to Scale)
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
• Limited to a very few users
• No centralized control
• Examples:
• Bluetooth, Infra Red Communication

• LAN (Local Area Network)


• Limited to a Small Area
• few offices, a building or two.
• Owned and Managed by an Individual or Organization
• Protocols Used:
• Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI (Fast Distributed Data Interface)
• Building block for larger networks.
Types of Networks
(According to Scale)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Spread over cities
• Owned by a single organization
• Consisting of several LANs
• WAN
• Covers Larger Geographical Area
• Uses Transoceanic Cabling or Satellite Links
• Collective/Distributive Management and Ownership
• Protocols Used: ATM, Frame Relays, X.25 etc.
• Internet is the ultimate WAN
Types of Networks
(According to Scale)
Components of a Network
• End devices (Hosts)
• PCs, Workstations, Printers, IP phones & IP cameras etc.
• To communicate over a network, an end device must have a special Network-
Hardware, called NIC
• Network Access Devices
• Where the end devices get connected to the network
• Hubs & Switches
• Inter-Network Devices
• They serve to inter-connect the LANs for inter-LAN communication
• Bridges & Routers
Ethernet Card
• Fast Data Transfer (10 to
1000 Mbps)
• Expensive-Bought
Separately
• Requires a Computer Slot
• Major Types:
• Ethernet Cards
• Token Ring Cards
Network Access Devices
• Hub
• Connection Point b/w several Networked Devices
• Have 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, or 48 Ports for Connecting Devices
• These ports may be active or blocked as per requirement
• Broadcasts the received Message
Network Access Devices
• Switch Switch
• Works on the principal of selective
forwarding rather than broadcast
• Reduced collision to an extent
• More Intelligent than Hubs
• Specialized software's for Port
Management
• Used with Star or Star-Wired Ring
Topology
Inter-Network Devices
• Bridge
• Used to Connect Smaller Networks together
• Manages Traffic for Optimum Performance on Two sides of the N/W
• “Listens” to N/W on both sides
• If necessary, transmits data from one side of the N/W to the other
• Used to Route Messages Across:
• Different Cables
• Different Topologies
Inter-Network Devices
• Router
• A Super-Intelligent Bridge
• Selects best Route Router

• Helps Prevents Head-on


Collisions
• Knows Addresses of all
Devices on the Network
• Listens to Entire N/W
• Can Route Messages Across:
• Different Cables
• Different Topologies
• Different Protocols
Gateways
• Serves as entry or exit point of the network
• data sent outside the LAN, must pass through the gateway
• Routers are gateways usually
• Enforces the security policies
Repeater
• Electrical Amplification of the traveling Signal
• Extended data transmission range (virtually infinite)
• May be Separate or Built into the Concentrator e.g. Active Switch
Modem
• Used for Connection over Telephone Lines
• Modulator- Converts Discrete to Analogue
• Demodulator – Converts Analogue to Digital
• Works as both I/O Device
Communication Media
• Electrical Conductors
• Copper e.g., Twisted Pair (UTP, STP)
• Coaxial Cable
• Optical Media
• Glass Fiber tubes with repeaters
• Photonic Devices
• Wireless
• Infrared
• Light
• Microwave
• Radio Carriers
UTP Cable and Connector
• Five Categories Depending on
Data Rates
• Maximum Segment Length-100
to 220 meter
• Susceptible to Radio and
Electric Frequency Interference
• Connector Type - RJ-45
Coaxial Cable and Connector
• Difficult to Install
• Highly resistant to
Interference
• Thinnet-200 Meters
• Thicket-500 Meters
• Good for Linear Bus N/W
• BNC Connector
Fiber Optic Cable
• Transmits Light
• Eliminates Electrical
Interference
• Immune to Moisture
• Costs Comparable to Copper
Cabling
• Higher Speeds
• Maximum Segment Length-
2000 Meters
• Difficult installation

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