Operating System(22516)

Unit 1 : Overview of Operating System

Hours: 06 Marks: 08
Prepared by:
Mrs. Kousar Ayub A.
Lecturer(Selection Grade)
Computer Engg. Dept
M. H. Saboo Siddik Polytechnic

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 Learning Outcomes
The learners will be able to:
• Operating System(OS) Concept
– Components of OS
– Operations of OS
– Views of OS
• Different Types of Operating Systems
– Batch OS
– Multi Programmed OS
– Time Shared OS
– Multiprocessor Systems
– Distributed Systems
– Real Time Systems
– Mobile OS
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 What is an Operating System?
• A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
• Eg :-Windows 10, Windows 8, Apple's mac OS &
Linux

• Operating system goals:

– Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
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 Computer System Components
1.Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2.Operating system – controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
3.Applications programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business
programs).
4.Users (people, machines, other computers). 4
Abstract View of System Components

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 Operations /Functions/Services of OS
 Memory Management
 Device Management
 Processor Management
 Security
 Error detecting aids
 Coordination between other
• software and users
 Job accounting
 File Management

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 Cont……
Memory Management
 Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of it are in use by
whom, what part are not in use.
 Allocates the memory when a process requests it to do so.
 De-allocates the memory when a process no longer needs it or has
been terminated.
Processor Management
 Keeps tracks of processor and status of process. The program
responsible for this task is known as traffic controller
 Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
 De-allocates processor when a process is no longer required.

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 Cont……
Device Management
 Keeps tracks of all devices. The program responsible for this task is
known as the I/O controller.
 Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
 Allocates the device in the most efficient way.
 De-allocates devices.
File Management
 Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective
facilities are often known as file system.
 Decides who gets the resources.
 Allocates the resources.
 De-allocates the resources.
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 Cont……
Security :-By means of password and similar other techniques, it
prevents unauthorized access to programs and data.

Job accounting :-Keeping track of time and resources used by

various jobs and users.

Error detecting aids :- Production of dumps, traces, error

messages, and other debugging and error
detecting aids.

Coordination between other software and users :-

Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, assemblers and other software
to the various users of the computer
systems. 9
 Operating System ─ Types
 Batch Operating System
 Multiprogramming operating system
 Time-sharing Operating Systems
 Distributed Operating System
 Real-Time Operating System

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 Batch Operating System

 This type of operating system does not interact with the

computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having same requirement and group them into
batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs
with similar needs. 11
 Batch OS

• In a punch card system, human intervention was

required for each punch card, which was an
overhead.
• Thus in Batch Systems, a collection of cards known
as batch used to submit reducing human
intervention.
• 2 Types of Cards were used :
– 1. Data Cards : used to contain actual information
– 2. Control Cards : Used to control the flow of execution.
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Memory Layout for a Simple Batch System

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 Multiprogrammed Systems
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the CPU is
multiplexed among them.

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 OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
• I/O routine supplied by the system.
• Memory management – the system must
allocate the memory to several jobs.
• CPU scheduling – the system must
choose among several jobs ready to run.
• Allocation of devices.

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 Multiprocessor Systems(Parallel Systems)
• Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close
communication.
• Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a
clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
• Advantages of parallel system:
– Increased throughput
– Economical
– Increased reliability
• graceful degradation
• fail-soft systems
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 Parallel Systems (Cont.)
• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
– Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating system.
– Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
– Most modern operating systems support SMP
• Asymmetric multiprocessing
– Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocated work to slave processors.
– More common in extremely large systems

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Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture

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 Distributed Systems
• Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines.
• Advantages of distributed systems.
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
– Communications
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 Distributed Systems (cont)
• Requires networking infrastructure.
• Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks
(WAN)
• May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.

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General Structure of Client-Server

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 Real-Time Systems
• Often used as a control device in a dedicated
application such as controlling scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
• Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft
real-time.
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Real-Time Systems

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 Real-Time Systems (Cont.)
• Hard real-time:
– Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
– Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.

• Soft real-time
– Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
– Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.
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 Mobile OS
• A mobile OS is a software that allows
smartphones, tablet PCs and other hand held
devices to run applications and programs.

• Common Mobile OS
– Android
– ios
– Windows
– KaiOS
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 Command Line & GUI Based OS
• Command Line Based OS :
– This Permits user to interact with system using
commands.
– Example : DOS, UNIX etc.

• GUI Based OS :
– This Permits user to interact with system using graphical
controls.
– Example : Windows, LINUX etc.
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EXAMPLE

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 Thank you…..

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[email protected]

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