Module 8 ( Neo Behaviorism)

MODULE 8
Neo Behaviorism:
Tolman and Bandura
INTRODUCTION
With new researches, explanations

provided but the basic principles of
behaviorism appeared not satisfy all
learning scenarios. New theories came
into view which maintained some of
the behaviorist concept but excluded
others, and added new ideas which
later came to be associated with the
cognitive views of learning. The neo
behaviorists, then, were a transitional
group, bridging the gap behaviorism
Neo Behaviorism
Tolman’s Bandura’s
Purposive Social Learning
Behaviorism Theory
Goal-
Directedness Principles
Cognitive Maps Modeling
Four Conditions
Latent Learning
for effective
Modeling
Intervening
variables
Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism
 AKA “ Sign Learning Theory”
 Learning is a cognitive
process
 Learning is acquired through

meaningful behavior
Tolman’s Key Concepts
Learning is always
purposive and
goal – directed
Individuals do more than

merely respond to stimuli;
they act on beliefs, attitudes,
changing conditions, and
they strive towards goal.
Cognitive Maps
 Famous experiment on rats

concluded that Organism or Individual
to be exact learned the location and
will select the shortest or easiest
path to achieve goal.
Ex. Going to school everyday.

Latent Learning
 Learning that remains or stays with
the individual until needed.
 Learning that is outwardly
manifested at once.
Ex. A 2 yrs. Old handling remote for the first time.

The Concept of
Intervening Variable
 Variables that are not readily seen

but serves as determinants of
behavior.
 Learning is mediated or influenced
by expectations, perceptions,
representations, needs and other
internal or environmental variables.
Reinforcement Not
Essential for Learning
Reinforcement is not
essential for learning,
although it provides an
incentive for performance.
Ex. Rats acquired knowledge of the way through

maze in the absence of reinforcement.
Social Learning
Theory
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
 Also called observational

learning
 Theory that emphasizes
learning through observation of
others
 We learn not only how to
perform a behavior but also
Types of Observational Learning
Effects
INHIBITION – to learn not to do something
that we already know how to do because
a model being observed refrains from
behaving in that way or does something
different from what is intended to be
done.
DISINHIBITION – to learn to exhibit a

behavior that is usually disapproved of by
FACILITATION – to be prompted to do
something that is not ordinarily
done because of insufficient
motivation.
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING – to learn a
new behavior pattern by watching
and imitating the performance of
someone else.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
1.People can learn by observing the

behavior of the others and the outcomes
of those behaviors.
2.Learning can occur without a change in
behavior.
3.Cognition plays a role in learning.
4.Social learning theory can be
HOW ENVIRONMENT AND PUNISHES
MODELING
People are often to reinforced for modeling the
behavior of others. Bandura suggested that the
environment also reinforces modeling.
This is in several possible ways:

1.The observer is reinforced by the model
2.The observer reinforce by a third person.
3.The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing
consequences.
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE OF
REINFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT
1.Contemporary theory proposes that both

reinforcement and punishment have indirect
effects on learning.
2.Reinforcement and punishment influence the
extent to which an individual exhibits a
behavior that has been learned.
3.The expectation of reinforcement influences
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN SOCIAL LEARNING
1.Learning without performance ( through

observation and actual imitation )
2.Cognitive processing during learning
( attention )
3.Expectations ( consequences )
4.Reciprocal causation (person, behavior,
and environment )
BEHAVIOR THAT CAN BE LEARNED THROUGH
MODELING
Many behaviors can be learned at least

party, through modeling.
Aggression can be learned through models.
Moral thinking and moral behavior are
influence by observation and modeling.
Moral judgment regarding right an wrong
which can, in part, develop through
CONDITION NECESSARY FOR EFFECTIVE MODELING OCCUR
Bandura mentions FOUR CONDITIONS :
1.Attention – The person must pay attention to the

model.
2.Retention – The observer must be able to

remember the behavior that has been observed.
3.Motor reproduction – The third condition is the

ability to replicate the behavior that the model
has just demonstrated. For example : Little
children have difficulty doing the complex physical
EFFECTS OF MODELING ON
BEHAVIOR:
1.Modeling teaches new behaviors.
2.Modeling influences then frequency of
previously learned behaviors.
3.Modeling may encourage previously forbidden
behaviors.
4.Modeling increases the frequency of similar
behaviors.
EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL
LEARNING THEORY
1.Students often learn a great deal simply by observing

other people.
2.Describing the consequences of behavior can
effectively increase and appropriate behaviors and
decrease inappropriate ones.
3.Modeling provides alternative to shaping for teaching
new behaviors.
4.Teachers and parents must model appropriate
Thank you for Listening
and Cooperation !

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MODULE 8

With new researches, explanations

Cognitive Maps Modeling

 AKA “ Sign Learning Theory”

 Learning is acquired through

Individuals do more than

 Famous experiment on rats

Ex. Going to school everyday.

Ex. A 2 yrs. Old handling remote for the first time.

 Variables that are not readily seen

Ex. Rats acquired knowledge of the way through

 Also called observational

DISINHIBITION – to learn to exhibit a

1.People can learn by observing the

This is in several possible ways:

1.Contemporary theory proposes that both

1.Learning without performance ( through

Many behaviors can be learned at least

1.Attention – The person must pay attention to the

2.Retention – The observer must be able to

3.Motor reproduction – The third condition is the

1.Students often learn a great deal simply by observing

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