Scribd
Upload
22 views13 pages

Lec 3

Uploaded by

m7md56usf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
22 views13 pages

Lec 3

Uploaded by

m7md56usf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Lecture 3

Cell and Membrane


Al- Nahrain University
Information Engineering College
 The Cell

Is the basic unit of life and the fundamental building block


of all living organisms. Cells can either be simple, like those
in bacteria (prokaryotic cells), or more complex, like the
ones found in plants, animals and fungi (eukaryotic cells).
 Cell Theory

Is one of the fundamental principles in biology and has


established the foundation for understanding the structure and
function of cells.
 This theory consists of three main principles:

1. All living organisms are made up of cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function.

3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.


 Cell size
Cell size varies depending on its type, for example:

- Animal cells typically range from 10 to 30 micrometers in


size.
- Plant cells may be slightly larger.
- Bacterial cells are much smaller, usually ranging from 0.5
to 5 micrometers
Cell size is influenced by many factors, including biological
function and the environment in which the cell lives.
 Main Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic Cells:
1- Found in organisms like bacteria.
2- Do not have a membrane-bound nucleus; the genetic
material (DNA) is in a region called the nucleoid.
3- Have simpler structures with fewer organelles, such as
the plasma membrane and ribosomes.
2. Eukaryotic Cells:

1- Found in more complex organisms like plants, animals,


fungi, and protists.
2- Have a well-defined nucleus that contains the cell’s
DNA.
3- Contain more specialized structures (organelles) such as
mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi
apparatus
 Structure of the Eukaryotic Cell

A typical eukaryotic cell consists of several key components that perform various

essential functions for the cell's survival and operation. These components include:

1. Plasma Membrane: Separates the cell from its environment and controls the

movement of substances in and out.

2. Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance that supports organelles and provides a medium

for chemical reactions.

3. Nucleus: Contains the cell’s DNA and controls cell activities like growth and

reproduction.

4. Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP for energy through

cellular respiration.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
Rough ER has ribosomes, and smooth ER lacks them.

6. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for
transport.

7. Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

8.Cytoskeleton: Provides structure and aids in cell movement and intra- cellular
transport.

9. Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to digest waste and foreign substances.

10. Plastids (in plant cells): Responsible for food storage and photosynthesis
(e.g., chloroplasts).

11. Vacuoles: Storage organelles for water, nutrients, and waste.

12. Cilia and Flagella: Hair-like structures involved in movement.


 Comparison Between Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
 Nucleus: In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is enclosed

within a nucleus, while in prokaryotic cells, the DNA is found in


a region called the nucleoid without a membrane.
 Organelles: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound
organelles like the mitochondria, ER, and Golgi apparatus, which
are absent in prokaryotic cells.
 Size and Complexity: Eukaryotic cells are larger and more

complex than prokaryotic cells. They also have a more organized


internal structure.
Feature Animal Cell Plant Cell

Shape Irregular shape (depends Regular shape


on the organism) (rectangular or square)

Cell Wall No cell wall Contains a cell wall made


of cellulose

Plastids No plastids Contains plastids


(chloroplasts) for
photosynthesis

Vacuoles Small and multiple Large central vacuole


vacuoles (for water storage)

Mitochondria Present, responsible for Present, but


energy production (ATP) photosynthesis is the
main energy source

Cytoskeleton Complex cytoskeleton Simple cytoskeleton, but


with microtubules and still provides structure
microfilaments

Lysosomes Present, involved in Rarely present or absent


digesting waste and
foreign materials

Cell Division Involves cleavage furrow Involves formation of a


(cell membrane pinches new cell wall in the
in) middle (cell plate
formation)
Cilia and Flagella May contain cilia or Rarely contains cilia or
flagella for movement flagella, except in some
unicellular plants

Function Often specialized for Specializes in food


movement (e.g., muscle, production
nerve cells) (photosynthesis) and
structural support

Interaction with Actively interacts with Relies on light for energy


Environment the environment, (photosynthesis)
movement and
adaptation

Tissues Forms specialized tissues Forms specialized tissues


like muscle and nervous like vascular tissue
tissue (xylem and phloem)

Osmotic Pressure Depends on internal Relies on the central


pressure for material vacuole to maintain turgor
transport pressure and balance
within the cell
Thank you

You might also like