ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY (PC-EI503)

PART IV: LECTURE XV

REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES – NORMAL
INCIDENCE

DR. ASHMI CHAKRABORTY

DEPT. OF APPLIED ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION
ASANSOL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
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Reflection of Plane Waves at Normal Incidence:

Incident Wave:
3
E is  z  Eio e  1z aˆ x
3 Eio  1z
H is  z  H io e aˆ y  e aˆ y
 1z

1
Reflected wave:
3
E rs  z  Ero e1z aˆ x
3 Ero 1z
H rs  z  H ro e  aˆ y  
1z
e aˆ y
1
Transmitted wave:
3
E ts  z  Eto e  2 z aˆ x
3 Eto  2 z
H ts  z  H to e aˆ y  e aˆ y
 2 z

2
Total electric and magnetic field in mediums 1 and 2 are
3
Medium 1: E 1 E i  E r , H 1 H i  H r
3
Medium 2: E 2 E t , H 2 H t

At the interface z = 0, the boundary conditions require that the

tangential components of E and H fields must be continuous. Since the
waves are transverse, E and H fields are entirely tangential to the
3
interface. Hence,
E 1 E 2  E is  E rs E ts  Eio  Ero Eto
z 0 z 0 z 0 z 0 z 0

3 1 1
H1 H 2  H is  H rs H ts  H io  H ro H to  Eio  Ero   Eto
z 0 z 0 z 0 z 0 z 0 1 2

Solving
2 above
1 equations, we get
2 2
Ero  Eio Eto  Eio
2 1 2 1
and
Therefore reflection and transmission coefficients can be expressed as
Ero  2  1 Etro 2 2
  and   
Eio  2 1 Eio  2 1
Above equations reveal that
1. 1   
2. Both Γ and τ are dimensionless and may be complex
3. 0  1

 1 0 dielectric
Now let us consider the special case that medium 1 is a perfect
and medium 2 is aperfect 2 0 
2 , conductor .

In this case,
  1,  =0 , which reveals that the wave is totally reflected
and reflected wave is 180 degree . This should be expected because
fields in a perfect conductor must vanish, so there can be no transmitted
wave.

The totally reflected wave combines with the incident wave to form a
3
 
E1s E is  E rs  Eio e  1z  Ero e1z aˆ x
Now, 1 0  1 0  1  j 1   1  Ero  Eio
and
3
   
Therefore,E1s  Eio e  j1z  Eio e j1z aˆ x  Eio e j1z  e  j1z aˆ x  2 j sin 1 z aˆ x
3
Thus,E1 Re E1s e
jt
 
2 Eio sin 1 z sin t aˆ x

Similarly it can be shown that,

3 2 Eio
H1  cos 1 z cos t aˆ y
1
A sketch of the wave is shown for t
=0, T/8, T/4, 3T/8, T/2, and so on,
where T is he time period. It shows
that the wave does not travel but
oscillates. It is ‘standing’ in space
but varying sinusoidally with time.
  1  2 0 
If both medium are lossless 1 2 both and are real.
Therefore Γ and τ are also real. It gives rise to two cases.

Case 1: 2  1
In this case Γ>0. There will be a standing wave in medium 1, but there
is also a transmitted wave in medium 2. However, the incident and
reflected waves have amplitudes that are not equal in magnitude.
1 zmax n  zmax  n 1  n1 2, n=0,1,2
Maximum |E1| occurs at:
2n  1 2n 1 2n 11
 at:
Minimum |E1| occurs 1 z min   zmin   , n=0,1,2
2 2 1 4
Case 1:2  1
In this case Γ<0 and 2n  1 2n  1 2n  11
Maximum |E1| occurs at:
1 z max   zmax   , n=0,1,2
2 2 1 4
1 zmin n  zmin  n 1  n1 2, n=0,1,2
Minimum |E1| occurs at:
It may be noted that
1. |H1| minimum occurs when |E1| maximum, and vice versa.
2. The transmitted wave in medium 2 is a purely travelling wave, and
consequently there are no maxima and minima in this region.
3 3 3 3
The ratio of E1 andE1 H 1(or H 1and ) is called standing
max min max min
wave ratio s, that is
3
E1 H1 1  s 1
s3 max
 max
  
E1 H1 1  s 1
min min

1 s  
Since |Γ|<1, it follows that
3
Problem:  z 0   
H 1 10cos 108 t   z aˆ x mA/m
In free space , a plane 0 ,  =8 0 
 2 wave with z 0
is incident normally on a lossless medium in region
Solution:
1  c 1 3, 1 0 120
For free space
For the lossless dielectric medium  2  r  r c 4 3,  2 0  r  r 240
3
From the given magnetic field expression we caniowrite E i  E cos  t  1 z aˆEi
108

Where aˆ Ei aˆ Hi aˆki aˆ x aˆ z  aˆ y io 1 H io 10 0

Eand .
3
Hence, E i  10  0 cos  t  1 z aˆ y mV/m
108

Ero 2  1 20  0 1 1
Now, E     2   3  Ero  3 Eio
io 2 1 0 0
3 10  8 z
Thus, E r  0 cos  10 t   aˆ y mV/m
3  3
3
and H r  10 cos  108 t  z  aˆ x mA/m
3  3
Similarly,Eto  1    4  E  4 E
to io
Eio 3 3
 3
Thus,E t Eto cos 10 t   2 z aˆ Et
8

Where aˆ Et aˆ Ei  aˆ y
3 40 4
Therefore,E t  0 cos  108 t  z  aˆ y mV/m
3  3 
3 20  8 4 
H t  cos  10 t  z  aˆ x mA/m
3  3 
Problem: 3
3 a uniform plane wave inEair
Given as t   z aˆ x +30sin t   z aˆ y V/m
i 40cos

Hi . (a) Find , (b)

3 If the
3 wave encounters a perfectly
conducting plate normalE rto the H r z-axis at z = 0, find the reflected zwave 0
and , (c) what are the total E and Hzfields 0 for z 0 ? (d) Calculate
the time average Poynting vector for and .
3 3
Solution: E i  E i1  E i 2 E i1 40cos t   z aˆ x
Let us consider 3
where
E i 2 30sin t   z aˆ y
 3
Similarly we can assume H i  H i1  H i 2
3
H i1 H i1o cos t   z aˆ H1
3
H i 2 H i 2 o sin t   z aˆ H 2
Ei1o 1
Where H i1o   , aˆ H1 aˆk aˆE aˆ z aˆ x aˆ y
0 3
Ei 2 o 1
H i 2o   , aˆ H 2 aˆk aˆ E aˆ z aˆ y  aˆ x
0 4
3 1
Hence, H i1  cos t   z aˆ y
3
3 1
H i 2  sin t   z aˆ x
4
3 1 1
H i  sin t   z aˆ x  cos t   z aˆ y A/m
4 3
 2
(b) Since medium 2 is perfectly conducting 1  2 1
 2
 1,  =0  E ro  E io
That is
3
Hence, E r  40cos t   z aˆ x  30sin t   z aˆ y V/m
Proceeding in a similar fashion as before,
3 1 1
H r  sin t   z aˆ x  cos t   z aˆ y A/m
4 3
3 3
1 E i  E r
(c) The total field inEair H 1 and
Hi Hr can be shown to be
3
standing waves. E 2 E t 0, H 2 H t 0
2
3
The total fields E
in 1
1sthe conductors are 1  2.
z 0 P1,avg 
21
ˆ
ak 
20

 E 2
ˆ
a
io z  E 2
ˆ
a 
ro z  
240   40 2
 30 2
 ˆ
a z   40  30 2
 aˆ z  0

(d) For 3 E2 s
2
Eio2
z 0 P 2,avg  aˆk  aˆ z 0
2 2 20
For
Exercise:
3  j z
1. A 5 GHz uniform plane wave E is is10e aˆ x V/m in free space is
incident normally on a large plane, lossless dielectric 4 0 ,  =slab
0 (z>0)
having . Find the reflected wave and transmitted wave.
3
2. The plane wave E 50sin t  5 x aˆ y V/m in a lossless  medium
 0 ,  4 0 
encounters a lossy  4medium
 0 ,  0 , 0.1 S / m 
normalto,  ,the
andx-axis
s at x=0. Find (a) (b) reflected fields,
(c) transmitted fields, and (d) time-average Poynting vectors in both
regions.
- Thank you