Maharishi Vidya Mandir Sr.

Sec. School, Mangadu

Computer Science
Grade XII
Computer Networks-I
 Introduction
• Definition

• Components

• Types

• Network Topologies

• Network Device

• The Cloud

• Challenges and Risk

 Networks
• A computer network is a collection of interconnected
computers and other devices to share data and other
resources.
• Connection among computers make computer
networks.
• The computers can be geographically located
anywhere.
 Advantages of Networking
• Sharing Resources: Primary use of network is to share
Program, Data and Devices among users irrespective of their
physical location. E.g. Sharing Database, Audio and video files,
printers etc.

• Improved Communication: A computer network enables fast,

reliable and secure communication between users.

• Reduced Communication cost: Sharing resources also reduces
its communication cost.
 Disadvantages of Networking
• Cost of network: The cost of implementing the network
including cabling and hardware.

• Complex to run: Managing a big network is complex

which requires training and generally a network manager
needs to be hired.

• Security Concerns: a hacker can get unauthorized

access by using various tools.
 Components of a Computer Network
• Hosts/Nodes: Computer attached to a network. Share the
resources of the network.

• Servers: responsible for making the networking tasks like

sharing of data, resource-sharing, communication among host.

• Clients: Client computer is a host computer that request for

some services from a server. Server computer serves the
request of client computer.

• Network hardware: establishing corrections, controlling

network traffic. Eg: NIC, HUB, Switch, Router.
 Components of a Computer Network

• Communication channel: interact with other hosted and server through a

communication channel.

1. Wired communication channel: Wired communication refers to

the transmission of data over a wire based communication technology
(guided media)

2. Wireless communication channel: (unguided media) Host are

connected with one another.

• Software: Layers of a network make networking possible.

• Network services: application that provide different functionalities over a

network, such as DNS
Types of Networks (Geographical)
• Group of “networked” computer.

• Small group of linked computers to a chain of few

hundred computers of different types spread around the
world.

• Types:

(i) LAN (Local Area Networking)

(ii) WAN (Wide Area Networking)

 Local Area Network
• A network that connects a relatively small number of machines in a
relatively close geographical area.

• One computer is designed as File server stores all of the software

that controls the network

• Software can be shared by the computers attached to the networks.

• Computer connected to server are called

workstations.

• They are connected to network interface cards.

 Wide Area Networks
• A network that connects two or more local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance.

• Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a

gateway to handle all communication going between that LAN
and other networks

• Communication between networks is called internetworking.

 Metropolitan Area Network
• The communication infrastructures that have
been developed in and around large cities.
 Types of Networks
(Components)
• Peer to peer to network:

A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more

PCs are connected and share resources without going through a
separate server computer.

Can play the role of a client or a server.

Each computer controls its own information.

Is also known as non-dedicated servers.

 Types of Networks
(Components)
Client/Server Network:

• Also known as master-slave networks.

• Centralized control.

• They may have file server, printer server,

Modem server.

• Client-server model is that the client is dependent on the server

to provide and manage the information.

• Eg: Web browser is the client makes request to server sends the
website to the browser.
Difference between P2P and Client/Server
network
Types of Networks (Communication Channel)
• Wired Computer Networks: interconnected through wire or
cables.
• Most are LAN type.
• Commonly used cables:

1. Twisted Pair Cable: insulated wire that are twisted together

to improve electromagnetic capability and reduce noise
from outside source. Eg: CAT1, CAT2.
Types of Networks (Communication Channel)
2. Coaxial Cable : solid wire core
surrounded by one or more foil
or wire shields separated by plastic insulator.
Types-> thicknet, thinnet

3. Fiber Optic Cable (Optic Fiber Cable):

Bundle of glass threads, which is capable of transmitting

messages modulated onto light waves.

Types single node , multi node.

Types of Networks (Communication Channel)

Wireless Computer Networks:

Use environment or air as media without requiring any cable or
wires.
Commonly used transmission media
1. Microwave: high frequency waves use to transmit data
wirelessly.
2. Radio wave: television and radio programmes. Radio uses
continuous sine waves to transmit information.
3. Satellite: special case of microwave relay system.
Accepts data transmitted from an earth station, amplify them and
 Network Topology
• The network topology defines the way in which

computers, printers, and other devices are connected. A

network topology describes the layout of the wire and

devices as well as the paths used by data

transmissions.
 Star Topology
• Commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs.
• The star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
• Consist of central node, all other nodes are connected by a
single path.
• Advantage: easy to install and wire.
No disruption to the network take place while connecting
Easy to detect faults and remove parts.
• Disadvantage: more cable length.
If hubs fails nodes attached are disabled.
More expensive.
 Bus or Linear Topology
Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the devices on a bus
topology are connected by one single cable.
• Advantages: easy to connect a computer to linear bus.
Less cable length.
• Disadvantages: entire network shut down
if there is a break in the main cable.
Terminators are required at both the
ends of the cable.
Difficult to identify the problem
 Ring or Circular Topology
• Each node connect to two or only neighbouring nodes.
• Data token travels in one direction only.
• Advantages: not affected by high traffic.
Cheaper
• Disadvantages: troubleshooting is difficult.
Adding or deleting of computer disturbs the network
Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
 Mesh Topology
• The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and

fault tolerance. It is a topology commonly used for wireless networks.

• Advantages: Failure during a single device won’t break the network.

• There is no traffic problem

• It provides high privacy and security.

• Data transmission is more

• Disadvantages: Building and maintaining the topology is difficult and time

consuming.

• The chance of redundant connections is high

• The cost to implement is higher.

 Tree or Expanded Star Topology
• Combines characteristics of linear and star.
• Group of star configured workstation connected to a linear bus
cable.
• Advantages: uses point to pint wiring.
Supported by several hardware and software vendors.
• Disadvantages: if backbone link breaks, the entire segment
goes down.
Difficult to configure.
 Network devices/Hardware
1. NIC: Network Interface Card
Also known as Terminal Access Point (TAP)
Network Interface Unit.
Device attached to the workstations and the server.
Helps the workstation establish the important connection
with the network.
Each card has unique number node address.
It has unique physical address MAC Address.
 Network devices/Hardware
MAC Address:

Media Access Control Address

6-byte address, each byte separated by a colon.

Eg: 10 : B5: 03 :63 :2E : FC

First three bytes manufacturer-id

Last three bytes  card-number

 Network devices/Hardware
2. Wi-Fi Card: It can be internal or external LAN adapter with a
built-in wireless radio and antenna.
Eg: PCI- Express
Benefits desktop computer:
 allows you to setup your workstation or home office
without considering the proximity or availability of network
access.
 HUB
Used to connect several computers together.
It contains multiple independent but connected modules of
network and inter-networked equipment.
HUB Concentrator: provides a central connection point for
cables from workstations, servers.
Active hubs: electrically amplify the signal a sit moves from
one connected device to another.
Active concentrators are used like repeaters to extend the
length of a network.
 Passive hubs: allow the signal to pass from one computer to
another without any change.
 Switch
• Used to segment networks into different sub networks called
subnets or LAN segments.

• Segmenting the network into smaller subnets, prevent traffic

overloading in a network.

• It is responsible for filtering transforming data and forwarding

packets between LAN segments.

• Can support any packet protocol.

• LAN segmented through switches are called Switched LAN

 Switch Function
• The switch establish a temporary connection between the

source and destination, and then terminates the

connection once the conversion is done.

Eg: Phone system

 Bridges
• Link two network together.

• To know which computer are on which side of the bridge.

• Can handle networks that follow same protocols.

 Gateway
• Connects dissimilar networks.

• Node on network that serves as an entrance to another network.

• It is the ISP that connects the user to the internet.

• Acts as a proxy server(acts as server) and firewall

• Also associated with both a router, which use

header and forwarding tables to determine where

packets are sent and switch, which provides the

actual path for the packets in and out of the gateway.

 Access Point
• WAP wireless access point

• Hardware device that establishes connection of

computing devices on wireless LAN with a fixed wire
network.

• Connected to fixed wire network and broadcast

wireless signals that computing devices having WiFi
cards can detect.

• Using wireless signals , computing device get

 Access Point
Advantages:

• easier installation

• Maintenance

• Bigger network coverage

• Stable signals

• Ease of work.
Facts:
Wireless routers can function as access points, but not
all access points can work as routers.
 The Cloud
Collection of servers. Cloud Internet

Cloud computing is internet based computing, share

resource, software and information are provided to
computers and other devices on demand.
 Types of Cloud
1. Private Clouds: used by a single organization and
controlled, managed and hosted in private data centers.

2. Public Clouds: used by multiple organizations on a shared

basis hosted by third party service provider.
 Types of Clouds
3. Community Clouds: used by a group of related organizations
who wish to make use of a common cloud computing. EG:
military.

4. Hybrid Clouds: single organization adopts private and public

clouds for single application in order to take advantage of both
benefits
 Internet of Things
• Connects the things to the Internet over wired or wireless
connections.
• Connects to variety of devices to internet
 Enabling IoT
1. RFID (Radio frequency Identification):
Use radio waves to read and capture information
stored on a tag (RFID tag) attached on the object.
Small microchip attached to antenna.
RFID tags can communicate with one another.
It identifies and track the data of the “things”.
 Enabling IoT
2. Sensors:
Able to detect changes in an environment.
Measure physical changes and transform it into an electric
signal.
The sensors enable us to collect data about the status of the
“things”.
 Enabling IoT
3. Smart Technology: includes some processing

capabilities. Eg; turning off an device.

4. Software: provides the reusable solutions for

connecting, taking action and solving issues that may

arise.

5. Efficient Network connectivity: Very important in IoT.

 Devices that can form IoT
• Home appliances.

• Wearable.

• Vehicles.

• Factories.

• Agriculture.

• Food
 Challenges and Risks

• Security of IoT

• Anyone can attack IoT

• Unauthorized access