Quality Lecture Notes
Quality Lecture Notes
Acoustic trans.,
Im Engineering Competitiv
po
Check force
rta characteristic e
resistance
resistance
close door
needed to
open door
needed to
nc
Door seal
e ts x= Us
evaluation
on level
A= Comp. A
window
Energy
ground
oc
Energy
Water
us B= Comp. B
Customer to (5 is best)
m
requiremen er
1 2 3 4 5
ts to close
Easy 7 x AB
Stays open on a hill 5 x AB
Easy to open 3 xAB
Doesn’t leak in rain 3 A xB
No road noise 2 x A B
Importance weighting 10 6 6 9 2 3 Relationships:
Reduce energy
Strong = 9
energy to 7.5
Medium = 3
level to 7.5
Target values
force to 9 Small = 1
Maintain
Maintain
Maintain
Reduce
current
Reduce
current
current
level
level
level
ft/lb
ft/lb
lb.
Quality 4
Introduction to quality control
charts
Definitions
• Variables Measurements on a continuous scale, such as length or
weight
• Attributes Integer counts of quality characteristics, such as nbr.
good or bad
• Defect A single non-conforming quality characteristic, such as a
blemish
• Defective A physical unit that contains one or more defects
Normal
99.74% Process mean tolerance
of
process
Lower control limit
0.13%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sample number
Quality 6
Reference guide to control
factors
n A A2 D3 D4 d2 d3
2 2.121 1.880 0 3.267 1.128 0.853
3 1.732 1.023 0 2.574 1.693 0.888
4 1.500 0.729 0 2.282 2.059 0.880
5 1.342 0.577 0 2.114 2.316 0.864
A = 3 / n1/2
D2 = d2 + 3d3
D1 = d2 – 3d3, unless the result is negative, then D1 = 0
Quality 8
Process capability analysis
1. Compute the mean of sample means ( X ).
Quality 9
Process capability analysis
(cont.)
6. Compute capability indices:
Process capability potential
Cp = (USL – LSL) / 6σx
Quality 10
Mean-Range control chart
MR-CHART
1. Compute the mean of sample means ( X ).
Quality 11
Control chart for percentage
defective in a sample — P-CHART
1. Compute the mean percentage defective ( P ) for all samples:
P = Total nbr. of units defective / Total nbr. of units
sampled
Quality 14
Control chart for number of
defects per unit — C/U-CHART
1. Compute the mean nbr. of defects per unit ( C ) for all samples:
C = Total nbr. of defects observed / Total nbr. of units
sampled
Notes:
● If the sample size is constant, the chart is a C-CHART.
● If the sample size varies, the chart is a U-CHART.
● Computations are the same in either case.
Quality 15
Quick reference to quality
formulas
• Control factors
n A A2 D3 D4 d2 d3
2 2.121 1.880 0 3.267 1.128 0.853
3 1.732 1.023 0 2.574 1.693 0.888
4 1.500 0.729 0 2.282 2.059 0.880
5 1.342 0.577 0 2.114 2.316 0.864
Quality 18
Multiplicative seasonal
adjustment
1. Compute moving average based on length of
seasonality (4 quarters or 12 months).
Quality 20
Additive seasonal adjustment
1. Compute moving average based on length of
seasonality (4 quarters or 12 months).
11. Divide data into two samples and test stability of limits.