BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BIT
Faculty of Electrical and Computer engineering
Department of computer engineering

Object Oriented Programming

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 Chapter one : Get started

Outline
o What is object oriented
programming?
o Development environment
o Object oriented
fundamentals
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 What is object oriented
programming?
 Is a programming deals with a
collection of interacting objects
 An object can be: -
 a physical thing, such as a Car
 a mental thing, such as an Idea.
 a natural thing, such as an Animal
 an artificial thing, such as an ATM.
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 cont. …
Java was created in 1991 by
James Gosling of Sun
Microsystems.
Initially called Oak, latter it was
changed to Java because there
was already a language called
Oak.
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 API, JDK and IDE
 API (Application programming interface) is a
class library
 Contains predefined classes and interfaces in a
package
 The Java language specification is stable, but the
API is still expanding
 API->package->class, interface, exception, etc.
 JDK (Java Development toolkit) consists of a set
of separate programs for developing and testing
Java programs, each of which is invoked from a
command line
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 Cont.
 JDK (Java Development Kit) contains the API
as well as the compilers, runtimes, and other
miscellaneous tools. The Java API is simply all
the libraries that make up the core language
that you can work with out of the box.
 IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a
software Editing, compiling, building, debugging, and
online help are integrated in one graphical user
interface
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 OOP fundamentals
1. Feature of OOP
 Portable :- running on different platform
(window, Linux, Mac, Solaris). Java is
different from other programming language
because, it both compiled and interpreted. A
file with .class extension is contain a byte
code. Byte code is machine language of the
java virtual machine ( java VM). Java include
a set of class library that provide basic data
type, system input and output capability.
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 Feature of OOP cont…

 Platform :- is hardware or software

environment in which program run. Most
platform are a combination of OS and
hardware, but java platform is software-
only platform, this is why it run on d/t
platform. It contain two components, JVM
and API

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 Feature of OOP cont…

…

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 Feature of OOP cont…

 Simple and small :- easier to write, compile,

debug, and to learn
 Secure :- java securities API provide
cryptography, public key infrastructure, secure
communication, authentication and access control.
 Multithreading :- high degree of parallelism
(concurrent activities through API ). But, other
language provide sequential control (one action at
a time)
 Object oriented
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 package and import
 Package :-
 is a directory that contain library. library is group a
number of related classes and interfaces
 Packaging is decrease class colliding, promotes code
reuse, and maintainability
 categorizing and managing the external API
 Packages named java. or javax. are reserved
Example package bit.fece.ce;
 Import :-
 is a java keyword used to include other file from another
package into current package.

OOP

.
It use a period ( ) to separate each package structure
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 Indentation and comment

 Indentation :- is process of aligning a line of

code according to a class or a method that
contain line of code

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 Comment
 Comment :- Java supports three types of
comments:
 /* multiline comment */ : The compiler
ignores everything from /* to */ . The
comment can span over multiple lines.
 // single line : The compiler ignores
everything from // to the end of the line.
 Javadoc or Java documentation
comments(/**...*/)
 Example :- /** the following method is perform
<B> maths </B> operation */
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 Java keywords

 Keyword :- is a predefined reserved words

for java program and they are not used as an
identifier
abstract continue for new switch
assert*** default goto* package synchronized
boolean do if private this
break double implements protected throw
byte else import public throws
case enum**** instanceof return transient
catch extends int short try
char final interface static void
class finally long strictfp** volatile
const* float native super while
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 Identifiers
 Identifier :-
 is a unique name given to a particular
variable, package, class, interface, function
or label of class in the program
a series of characters consisting of letters,
digits, underscores ( _ ) and dollar signs ($)
that does not begin with a digit and does not
contain spaces.
 Example :- variable identifier

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 Classes
 Class :-
 is a building block of java application
 is a blueprint from which objects are created
 define a set of objects which are similar in terms of
attribute, association and functionality
 only one public class per source code file
a file can have more than one non public class
 class name must be CamelCase contain more than
one word
 Note: if there is a public class in a file, file name
must be the same as the name of public class
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 Class cont…

 Syntax of simple java file :-

package [package name]
import [other-Package]
[modifier (optional)] Class [class-Name] {
modifier fields-Name ;
Constructor method (optional)
normal method
}
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 Fields and Data type
 Field :-
 is
a variable or data associated with programs such as
string, integer, array and object
 also called instance variable (fields)
 names should be in mixed case
 Represent state of an object
 are
a place where information can be stored while a
program is running
 their value can be changed at any point in the program
 Data type :-
 is express a type of fields
 E.g. string, integer, float, Boolean,…
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 Constructor
 Constructor :-
 is a function called during the creation (instantiation) of
objects
 its name must be similar to class name that contain it
 has no return type
 If you don't define a constructor for a class, a default
parameter less constructor is automatically created by the
compiler
 The default constructor calls the default parent constructor
(super()) and initializes all instance variables to default value
 possible to create more than one constructor with d/t
parameter
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 Methods
 Method :-
 is a function called during setting a value to fields or
getting a value of fields and performing d/t operation
 it may called setter or getter
 may contain an argument or not
 represent the behavior of the object
 Name is must be mixedCase if contain more than one word
 Syntax :-
Modifier return-Type method-Name (){
// body method
}
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 Objects
 Object :-
 is an instance of a class/type
 has a (current) state and behavior
 Student, blackboard, chock, chair, and other are objects
 Example :-
 a dog has state (name, color, breed, hungry) and behavior
(barking, fetching, and wagging tail).
 Students have state (name, age, sex) and behavior (eating,
studying, learning)
 new keyword is used to create class instance (object)
 thiskeyword is used in constructor and method to assign
value to fields of class i.e. referring fields in the current class

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 Reference to object
 from the new operation :-
 instantiatesan object of a particular
class, and returns a reference to it
 This reference is a handle to the
location where the object resides in
memory.
Student stud=new Student();
Student stud2=new Student();
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 Reference to object
by assignment :-
duplicate reference to the object (and
not to a copy of the object).
Student stud1=stud;
N.B. After the assignment, the value
of stud1 is the same as stud. A
reference to same Student object.

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 Reference to object
by cloning an object.
new reference to a copy of the
object
two copies of the object exist
with independent references
Changing one object does not
automatically change the other.
Student stud3 = stud.clone();
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 Passing object as parameter
When object is passed to the
method, actual object is not
passed, instead object reference
is passed i.e. memory location of
an object is passed
In the body of called method new
object my created or parameter
object can be used as it is.
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 Object as UML
 UML representation of an object
Class name
e.g. Student

List of fields
e.g. name, age, sex,…

List of methods
getName()
setName(“Abel”)

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 Example

…

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 …

…

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 Out put

…

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