POLYMORPHISM

interpreted by Asaminew G. 12/03/2024 1

 polymorphism
• the ability to take more than one form
• particular operation may behave
differently for different sub-classes of the
same class
• the ability to refer to an object using either
to actual form or a parent form
• enables us to “program in the general”
rather than “program in the specific.”
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 Polymorphism using overridden
method
• Overriding :
• allows the subclass to provide its own
implementation of the method, which
its signature is in the super class
• re implementing a method you
inherited
• overridden method in the superclass is
not inherited by the subclass
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 Cont. …
• rules of method overriding
• new method definition must have
the same method signature
• If a method can't be inherited, you
can’t override it
• Final and static method can’t
overridden
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 Cont. …
• Example
• The passing average grade for students is 2.0
and above. However, for CE students the
passing grade is 2.5 and above. if we have a
class for CE students, the class is slightly
different from the Student class. Hence, we
can inherit the Student class to CE class, but
we have to override some methods of the
Student class
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 Student.java

•…

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 Ce.java

•…

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 Test.java

•…

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 Output
•…

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 Polymorphism using Overloading
methods
• Overloading
• reuse the same method name in a
class or subclass
• Different argument (number/type)
• Different return type [optional]

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 Example
•…

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 Example
Output

•…

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 Final keyword
• Final class
• can't be sub classed
• can't ever be improved by another
programmer
• none of the methods in that class will
ever be overridden
• Provide absolute guarantee (security)
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 Cont. …
• Final method
• Can’t overridden in the subclass
• Provide safety and security
• Class can contain non final method
• You can subclass a class contain
final method
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 Cont. …
• Final variable
• Once value assigned stay for ever
• impossible to reinitialize
• A final reference variable can't ever be
reassigned to refer to a different object, but,
data within the object can be modified
• there are no final objects, only final references
• Final argument can't be modified within the
method
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 Abstract keyword
• Abstract class
• cannot be instantiated and must be
extended
• used only as super classes
• Are incomplete
• may contain abstract methods
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 Cont. …
• Example :
• public abstract class MemberOfBiT {}
• public class Student extends
MemberOfBiT { // must be extendes }
• MemberOfBiT me = new MemberOfBiT();
// cannot be instantiated

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 Cont. …
• abstract methods :
• Cannot have a method body
• Must be declared in abstract class
• Is overridden in subclass
• When a child class inherits an abstract
method, it is inheriting a method
signature but no implementation
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 Cont. …
• Example

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 Cont. …
• A class that contains any abstract methods
must be declared as an abstract class even
if that class contains some concrete (non
abstract) methods.
• Each concrete subclass of an abstract
superclass also must provide concrete
implementations of each of the superclass’s
abstract methods
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 Interface
• Is a contract for what a class can do, not how to do
• is a group of related methods with empty bodies
• can be implemented by any class
• use the implements keyword in the class declaration to
implement interface
• all interface methods must be implemented, and must be
marked public
• can defines abstract methods not both concrete and
abstract method
• It is abstract by default
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 Cont. …
• Rules :
• interface methods are by default public and abstract
• All variables defined in an interface must be public, static,
and final (constant)
• methods must not be static
• An interface can extend one or more other interfaces
• An interface cannot implement another interface or class.
• An interface must be declared with the keyword interface.
• A class that implement an interface must be provide legal
implementations for every method defined in the interface
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 Cont. …
• An implementation class can itself be abstract
• You can extend only one class, but implement
many interfaces
• Example
• public class Class implements Interface1,
Interface2, Interface3 { ... }
• public interface Interface1 extends
Interface2, Interface3{}
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 Implementation of interface
•…

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 Cont. …

•…

“Not
registered”

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 Cont. …

•…

“Not
registered”

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 Cont. …

•…

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 Cont. …

• Output

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