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257333lecture 8 - C PP Control Statements-1706693016077

Control statement in cpp

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19 views21 pages

257333lecture 8 - C PP Control Statements-1706693016077

Control statement in cpp

Uploaded by

devkirtani64
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Object Oriented

Programming
with C++
Lecture 8-C++
Control Statements
While Statement

For Loop

Jump, Break and return Statement


Lecture Objectives

By the end of this class, you will be able


to:
▪ Provide an understanding of jump
statements
▪ Explore the purpose and application of
the break statement
▪ Introduce the continue statement and
its role in controlling loop iterations
▪ Explain the significance of the return
statement
Jump and Break Statement

Using Break as a Form of Goto

Continue and return


Jump Statements

▪ Break, continue, and return are the three


jump statements supported by C++

▪ Control is transferred to another area of


your application using these statements
Break Statement

The break statement has three purposes in C+


+:

▪ It first terminates a statement sequence in


a switch statement, as you've seen

▪ It can also be used to break a loop

▪ It can also be used as a ‘refined’ version of


goto
Jump and Break Statement

Using Break as a Form of Goto

Continue and return


Using Break to Exit a Loop

▪ Break allows you to force the instant termination of a loop, bypassing the conditional expression and
any remaining code in the loop's body

▪ When a break statement is reached within a loop, the loop is ended, and programme control returns to
the statement that follows the loop. Here’s an easy example:

// Using break to exit a loop.


Output:
class BreakLoop {
public static void main(String i: 0
args[]) { i: 1
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) { i: 2
if(i == 5) break; i: 3
System.out.println("i: " + i); i: 4
} Welcome to C+
System.out.println("Welcome to C+ +
+.");
}
}
Using Break to Exit a Loop

▪ The break statement can be used with any loop in C++, even loops that are purposefully infinite. For
example, consider the following program, which was written using a while loop

// Using break to exit a while loop.


class BreakLoop2 {
public static void main(String
args[]) {
int i = 0;
while(i < 100) {
if(i == 5) break; // terminate
loop if i is 10
System.out.println("i: " + i);
i++;
}
System.out.println("Welcome to
C++.");
}
}
Using Break as a Form of Goto

▪ In addition to its utility with the switch statement


and loops, the break statement can be used alone
to provide a ‘civilized’ version of the goto
statement

▪ C++ lacks a goto statement because it allows for


arbitrary and uncontrolled branching. Goto-heavy
code is notoriously difficult to understand and
maintain

▪ However, in a few cases, the goto is a helpful and


acceptable flow control tool. The goto can be useful
when exiting a heavily nested set of loops, for
example

▪ To handle such cases, C++ includes an extended


variation of the break statement. This form of break
can be used to exit one or more code blocks

▪ Break, as you will see, delivers the advantages of a


goto without the disadvantages. The following is
the general form of the labelled break statement:
Using Break as a Form of Goto

▪ Example:

class Break {
public static void main(String
args[]) {
sboolean t = true;
first: {
second: {
third: {
System.out.println("Before the
break.");
if(t) break second; // break out of
second block
Jump and Break Statement

Using Break as a Form of Goto

Continue and return


Using Break to Exit a Loop

▪ Example continued:

System.out.println("This won't
execute");
} Output:
System.out.println("This won't Before the break
execute"); This is after second
} block
System.out.println("This is after
second block.");
}
}
}
Continue Statement

▪ Sometimes, forcing an early loop iteration


can be useful

▪ That is, you may want to continue running


the loop but stop processing the rest of the
code in its body for this iteration

▪ This is essentially a goto to the loop's end,


just past the loop's body. The continue
statement accomplishes this
Using Continue

▪ Example:

// Demonstrate continue.
class Continue {
public static void main(String Output:
args[]) { 0 1
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) { 2 3
System.out.print(i + " "); 4 5
if (i%2 == 0) continue; 6 7
System.out.println(""); 8 9
}
}
}
Using Continue

▪ Like the break statement, the continue statement can specify a label to indicate which enclosing loop
should be continued. Here is an example program that uses continue to print a triangle multiplication
table for 0 through 9

// Using continue with a label.


class ContinueLabel {
public static void
main(String args[]) {
outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i+
+) {
for(int j=0; j<10; j++) {
if(j > i) {
System.out.println();
Using Continue

▪ Program continued..

Output:
continue outer; 0
} 0 1
System.out.print(" " + (i * 0 2 4
j)); 0 3 69
} 0 4 8 12 16
0 5 10 15 20 25
} 0 6 12 18 24 30 36
System.out.println(); 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
} 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
} 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
Return

▪ The final control statement is return.


The return statement is used to return
immediately from a method. That is,
the method's caller regains control of
the programme. As a result, it is
considered a jump statement

▪ To cause execution to return to the


method's caller, use the return
statement at any point in the method.
As a result, the return statement
immediately ends the method in which
it is used
Return

▪ The following example demonstrates this:

// Demonstrate return.
class Return {
public static void main(String
args[]) {
boolean t = true; Output:
System.out.println("Before the Before the
return."); return
if(t) return; // return to
caller
System.out.println("This won't
execute.");
}
}
Jump and Break Statement

Using Break as a Form of Goto

Continue and return

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