LOGIC is the basis of all

mathematical reasoning.

PROPOSITIONS
The rules of logic simplify &
specify the meaning of
PROPOSITIONS
AND
DISTINGUISHIN
G SIMPLE AND
DEFINITION OF TERMS
LOGIC – is a branch of Mathematics that
deals with the validity of arguments. In
this we study a particular
PROPOSITIONS object called
– a declarative the
sentence
propositions.
that is either true or false, but not both.
REMEMBER: To determine whether a
statement is a propositions, ask yourself
1. following
the Is it a questions.
declarative
sentence?
2. Can it be true or false, or
Ifnot both?
yes is the answer to both questions,
then the statement is a propositions.
ILLUSTRATING PROPOSITIONS
1. The COVID-19 is caused by a virus call
the Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus
“A 2.
proposition because it is a
DECLARATIVE sentence, & it is a factual
statement therefore
2. All 60-year old itFilipinos
is TRUE. are called
Seniorproposition
“A citizens. because it is a
DECLARATIVE sentence, & it is a factual
statement
3. Can you therefore it isthe
memorize TRUE.
multiplication
table for
“Not this week? because it is not a
a proposition
DECLARATIVE sentence, it is an
SYMBOLIZING PROPOSITIONS
In practice, Mathematicians agreed to
denote propositions using lowercase
Roman letters such as p, q, r and others.
EXAMPLES:
1. p: The Philippine government has
three main branches.
2. q: A quadrilateral has four sides.
3. r: 3, 5 and 7 are number not
divisible by 2.
FORMS OF PROPOSITIONS
SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS – a proposition conveys of
one thought with no connecting words.
EXAMPLES: 1. 28 is an even number.
2. A square has four equal sides.
COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS – contains two
or more simple propositions that put
together
EXAMPLES:using
1. connective words.candidate
A Presidential
must be a Filipino citizen and must be 40
years of age.
SYMBOLIZING PROPOSITIONS
TYPES OF PROPOSITIONS
TYPE OF
CONNECTIVE SYMBOL
STATEMENT
and CONJUNCTION

Or DISJUNCTION

Not NEGATION

If – then CONDITIONAL

If and only if (iff) BICONDITIONAL

 DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
CONJUNCTION– combining two simple
propositions connected by the word “and” and it
is denoted by .
EXAMPLES:
1. John is a student and he is in Grade 11.
2. Triangle is a closed figure and has thee sides.
The conjunction of two statements is true only if
each compound is true. A convenient way to state
this is bypmeans of table
q as follows.
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
DISJUNTION – combining two simple propositions
connected by the word “or” and it is denoted by
EXAMPLES: 1. Fish are cold-blooded or mammals
with mammary glands.
2.
TheFruit can value
truth be eaten raw composite
of the or it can bestatement
cooked as
dessert.
satisfies the property w/c states that: if p is true
or q is true or both p & q are true, then is true;
otherwise,p is false. q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
CONDITIONAL – two propositions connected by
“if-then” and it is denoted by “if p then q”.
EXAMPLES:
1. If today is Monday, then tomorrow is Tuesday.
2. If two distinct points are give, then it
The
determine
truth avalue
line. of the conditional statement
satisfies the property w/c states that: The
conditionalp is true unless
q p is true and q is false.
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
BICONDITIONAL – two propositions
connected by “if and only if” and it is
denoted by “p if and only if q” or “p iff q”
EXAMPLES:
1. Two sides of a triangle are congruent if and
only if two angles opposite them are congruent.
2. Two angles are supplementary iff the sum of
their measures is 180 degrees.
The truth value of the biconditional
statement satisfies the property: if p & q
have the same truth value, then is true; if
p & q have opposite truth values, then is
 DEFINITIONS OF COMPOUND PROPOSITION
p q p
T T T T F
T F F F T
F T F
F F T
NEGATION – inserting the word “not” or any form
that turns the value of the true statement to
false and vice versa, and it is denoted by ,
EXAMPLES: 1. Three is not divisible by 2.
2. If two sides of a triangle are not congruent,
then it is not an isosceles triangle.
ACTIVITY NO. 1
Let p be “He is rich” and Let q be
“He is handsome”.
Statements in symbolic form:

2. p ˄ q 7. q ˅ p
1. p 6. p q 11. (p˄q) q

3. p ˅ q 8. p ˄ q
4. p q 9. p q
ACTIVITY NO. 2: Complete the table of
truth
p qvalue.
r p () q ()

T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
OGIES
AND
VENTURE WITH ME!
TRUTH TABLE: Complete the table.
Truth Table 1: P PP PP
T
F

Truth Table 1: P PP PP
T
F
DEFINITION
A tautology is compound
statement that is always true
for any combination of truth
values. At the same time, a
contradiction is a compound
statement that is always false
for any combination of truth
Exercise 1: Show that is a tautology.
P Q P
T T
T T
T F
T F
Exercise 2: Show that is a tautology.

p q
T T
T T
T F
T F
Exercise 2: Show that a tautology.
p q r )
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
ACTIVITY 3. Explain whether the given
statement is true or false.
Example 1: If I study hard,
then I will get an academic
award but I will study hard,
therefore LetI p: will
Solution: get
I study an
hard.
academicLet
award.
q: I will get an
Form:
academic award.
[( Modus Ponens(direct reasoning
P Q [
T T
T F
F T
F F
ACTIVITY 3. Determine whether the
given statement is always true or
mistaken
1. Today belief. is Thursday or
2. Either
today is not
Nicco
Thursday.
is smart, or
he is
3. If not
yousmart.
buy a book then
you will read itthat
4. Assuming daily.
if I plant
cactus, then I will get my
hands dirty. Since I didn’t
ACTIVITY 3. Determine whether the
given statement is always true or
mistaken belief.study my lessons
5. If I will
every day then I will have a
passing grade. But, I study
6.
myI lessons
love you or I day
every don’t loveI
then
7.
willSince
you. have Ialike you, grade.
passing then you
9.
will Ilike
can
too.comprehend the
writings that I read or I
ACTIVITY 4. Determine whether the
statement is a tautology or a fallacy.
1. If today is Saturday, then
tomorrow is Monday.

6. I love you or I don’t love

7. Since I like you, then you
you.
9.
will Ilike
can
too.comprehend the
writings that I read or I
FALLAC
IES
DEFINITION
An argument is valid
if the conclusion is
true whenever the
premises
An invalid argumentare
assumed
is also to called
be true. a
REASON FOR THE VALID
ARGUMENT
1. Direct Reasoning or
Modus Ponens
2. Contrapositive
Reasoning
3. or Modus
Disjunctive Tolens
Reasoning or
Disjunctive Syllogism
4. Transitive Reasoning or
Hypothetical Syllogism
DIRECT REASONING OR
Examp
MODUS PONENS
le 1: If it rains, then I will eat
It
icerained.
cream.
Therefore, I ate ice
Examp cream.
le 2: Doctors are modern-day
Cecilia
heroes.is a doctor.
Therefore, she is a
CONTRAPOSITIVE
Examp
REASONING OR MODUS
le 1: If it rains, then I will eat
TOLENS
Iice
did not eat ice cream.
cream.
Therefore, it did not
Examp rain.
le 2: Filipinos are
Mario
hardworking.is not
Therefore,
hardworking. he is not a
DISJUNCTIVE REASONING OR
DISJUNCTIVE
Examp SYLLOGISM
le 1: Pauleen is beautiful or
Pauleen
intelligent. is not
Therefore,
beautiful. Pauleen is
Examp intelligent.
le 2: Troy is athletic or
Troy is
music-minded.not music-
Therefore,
minded. Troy is
TRANSITIVE REASONING OR
HYPHOTICAL
Example 1: SYLLOGISM
If it rains, then I will eat ice
cream.
If I eat cream, then I will get
colds.
Therefore, If it rains, then I get
∴ 𝑹→ 𝑷 colds.
Therefore, If I did not get colds,
then it did not rain.
Example 2:
Filipinos are hardworking people.
Hardworking people get rich.
Therefore, Filipinos get rich.
∴ 𝑹→ 𝑷 Therefore, If you are not rich,
 REASON FOR THE
INVALID
1. ARGUMENT
Fallacy of the
Converse
2. Fallacy of the
Inverse Misuse
3. of
Disjunctive
4. Reasoning
Misuse of
FALLACY OF THE INVERSE
Examp
le 1: If it rains, then I will eat
It
icedid not rain.
cream.
Therefore, I did not eat
Examp ice cream.
le 2: Filipinos are
Mario is not a Filipino.
hardworking.
Therefore, he is not
MISUSE OF DISJUNCTIVE
Examp
REASONING
le 1: Pauleen is beautiful or
Pauleen is beautiful.
intelligent.
Therefore, Pauleen is
Examp not intelligent.
le 2: Filipinos are
Mario is not a Filipino.
hardworking.
Therefore, he is not