Nature of Emerging and

Re-emerging
DISEASES

NELSON JEFF A. MAGPALI JR.

TAY U G N AT I O N A L H I G H S C H O O L
 PRE-TEST
Direction:
Multiple choice: write
the letter of the best
answer on your
paper/notebook.
 PRE-TEST
1. Which of the following is
caused by spirochete bacteria
known as Leptospira Interrogans?
A. AH1N1
B. avian Influenza
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 PRE-TEST
2. Which refers to a rare
infection caused by Neisseria
meningitidis?
A. AH1N1
B. avian influenza
C. meningococcemia
D. SARS
 PRE-TEST
3. What disease is common
among wild aquatic birds and can
infect domestic poultry?
A. AH1N1
B. avian influenza
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 PRE-TEST
4. Which of the following
disease is NOT caused by a
virus?
A. AH1N1
B. chikungunya
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 PRE-TEST
5. What disease is spread through
close contact with infected
person and droplet secretion?
A. dengue
B. chikungunya
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 PRE-TEST
6. Which of the following is
NOT a symptom of swine flu?
A. coughing
B. fever
C. headache
D. purple rashes
 PRE-TEST
7. Which of the following diseases is
commonly spread by the feces – to –
mouth route and inhalation of virus?
A. AH1N1
B. chikungunya
C. foot and mouth disease
D. leptospirosis
 PRE-TEST
8. What is the other name for
Aedesalbopictus?
A. Asian tiger mosquito
B. bird flu
C. swine flu
D. yellow fever mosquito
 PRE-TEST
9. Which of the following is TRUE about
AH1N1?
A. AH1N1 is also called Swine flu
B. AH1N1 is caused by spirochete
bacteria.
C. AH1N1 Influenza is spread by eating
pig and other pig products.
D. AH1N1 Influenza is spread by
mosquitoes.
 PRE-TEST
10. Which of the following is NOT
a symptom of Meningococcemia?
A. headache
B. high fever
C. purple rash
D. constipation
 PRE-TEST
11. What is the cause of
Hand, Foot and Mouth
Disease?
A. aedesalbopictus
B. aedes Aegypti
C. bacteria
 PRE-TEST
12. Which of the following statements is
TRUE?
A. SARS is caused by a virus.
B. Meningococcemia is a contagious
disease.
C. Leptospirosis is caused by spirochete
bacteria.
D. All the above.
 PRE-TEST
13. What does DOH stand for?
A. Duties of Health
B. Department of Health
C. Direct Operation on Health
D. Department Operation on
Health
 PRE-TEST
14. Which of the following is TRUE regarding
COVID-19?
A. It is spread through air droplets from
human to human, and potentially through
inanimate objects contaminated with the
virus.
B. It is spread through eating infected pigs
and poultry.
C. It is the caused by H1N1 virus.
 PRE-TEST
15. What do people need to do to
prevent from getting Chikungunya?
A. Use mosquito repellent on exposed
skin.
B. Penetrate gaps in tire swings so water
channels out.
C. Dodge mosquito nibble by wearing
pants ang long – sleeved shirts.
Nature of Emerging and
Re-emerging
DISEASES

NELSON JEFF A. MAGPALI JR.

TAY U G N AT I O N A L H I G H S C H O O L
ACTIVITY 1: DISEASES

Directions: Answer
the following questions
in your activity
notebook.
ACTIVITY 1: DISEASES
1. What are the most common
communicable diseases that you know?
Write at least three examples.
2. How can we prevent and control these
diseases? Suggest ways based on
experience or own observation.
3. What are newly developed diseases
nowadays that you know? Give at least
three.
 DISEASES
According to World Health Organization (WHO),
emerging diseases are those due to newly
identified and previously unknown infections which
cause public health problems either locally or
internationally.
Re-emerging diseases are diseases due to
the reappearance and increase in number of
infections which are already known but had
formerly fallen and was no longer considered a
 DISEASES
1. Leptospirosis - is caused by spirochete bacteria
known as Leptospira interrogans. This disease is
spread by the urine of infected animals, both
domesticated and wild. The bacteria can survive in the
water and soil for months. Signs and symptoms of
leptospirosis can range from general to specific
symptoms which include:
1. chills 4. abdominal pain
2. high fever 5. conjunctival redness
 DISEASES
In the Philippines, the most common cause of
contacting leptospirosis is wading through flood
waters with exposed areas such as abraded skin or
open wounds. The Department of Health (DOH) warns
about wading through floods in the rainy season as
rates of leptospirosis spike during this time.
If with skin abrasions, cuts, or open wounds, and
wading the flood is unavoidable, then it is advisable to
seek medical consult and be prescribed with the right
antibiotics to prevent and treat leptospirosis.
 DISEASES
2. Meningococcemia - is a
rare infection caused by the
Neisseria meningitidis bacteria.
There are many bacteria other
than Neisseria that can cause
meningitis.
 DISEASES
The symptoms of meningococcemia
include:
1. vomiting 6. high fever
2. headache 7. drowsiness
3. coughing 8. convulsions
4. dizziness 9. purple rashes
5. stiff neck 10. unstable vital
 DISEASES
Children are most vulnerable to this
disease because of their low resistance, but
it can also affect people of all ages. This
disease is dangerous. In fact, about 5 to
15% of people affected die within the
period of 24 to 48 hours. However, early
detection and treatment with penicillin
increase the chances of survival.
 DISEASES
The Department of Health (DOH) recommends
that the following measures must be observed:
1. Avoid crowded places.
2. Maintain a clean environment.
3. Wash hands frequently with soap and water.
4. Avoid close contact with meningococcemia
patients.
 DISEASES
5. Increase resistance by maintaining a healthy
lifestyle – including a nutritious, well – balanced
diet, regular exercise, adequate rest and sleep,
and avoiding tobacco and alcohol.
6. Do not share utensils, cups, water bottles,
lipstick, cigarettes, musical instruments with
mouthpieces, mouth guards, or anything else
that has been within the mouth of a tainted
individual.
DISEASES
 DISEASES
3. AH1N1 Influenza – is caused by H1N1 influenza virus. The
Spanish flu in 1918 is one of the deadliest pandemics in
human history. It was caused by H1N1 influenza virus and
infected approximately 500 million people globally,
subsequently causing 50-100 million deaths. In 2009, a new
strain of H1N1 caused the Swine flu, which spread among
humans globally and it was labeled as a pandemic. However,
please note that this new strain was not a zoonotic disease
because it was not transferred from pigs to humans, rather it
is spread through airborne droplets from an infected human to
another, and possibly through contact with contaminated
inanimate objects also known as fomites.
 DISEASES
You can protect yourself from
getting infected with the disease by
having a flu vaccine or flu shot
yearly. People infected with swine
flu can be contagious one day
before they show any symptoms,
and for seven days after they get
 DISEASES
Most symptoms are the same as
regular flu. These include the following:
1. chills 5. headache
2. fever 6. sore throat
3. cough 7. body aches
4. fatigue 8. stuffy or runny
nose
 DISEASES
4. Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
(HFMD) - is caused by Coxsackievirus A
virus. It is transmitted person to person by
the feces-to-mouth (fecal-oral) route.
However, they also can be transmitted by
contact with oral and respiratory droplets,
and thus can be inhaled. Once infected,
symptoms usually show up in three to six
 DISEASES
Symptoms include the following:
1. tiredness
2. low fever
3. an itchy rash with red spots, lumps, and/or
small blister on the hands, and feet
4. small, raw, canker – like sores on the tongue
and inside of the cheeks that make the mouth
painful
 DISEASES
There is no specific treatment, but the
discomfort can be eased at home by doing the
following:
1. Eat or drink cold beverages/food (ice pops, ice
cream, water, etc.)
2. Avoid acidic foods and beverages, salty foods,
and spicy foods.
3. Eat soft foods that can easily melt in your
 DISEASES
4. After meals, rinse your mouth with warm
water.
5. Topical oral anesthetic helps relieve the
pain of the mouth.
6. To help relieve general discomfort, take
the pain medications such as paracetamol,
mefenamic acid or ibuprofen.
 DISEASES
Prevention of the disease include the
following practices:
1. Wash your hands properly especially
after using the toilet and before eating.
2. Do not share glasses, silverware, or
toys that have been in another
person’s mouth.
 DISEASES
5. Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) - is an infection
caused by a virus called SARS –
associated with corona virus (SARS
– CoV). It can spread through close
contact with infected person and
through droplet secretion.
 DISEASES
The signs and symptoms include the
following:
1. high fever 5. overall feeling of
discomfort
2. headaches 6. diarrhea
3. body aches 7. dry cough after two to

seven days
 DISEASES
To avoid SARS, see to it that you do
not share drinking glasses and eating
utensils with the infected person. Avoid
close contacts such as kissing, hugging,
touching, and even talking too close.
Be sure you are within three feet away
when talking to someone with SARS.
 DISEASES
6. Chikungunya - is a viral disease
transmitted to humans by the bite of
infected Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes. Its
incubation period is 2 - 12 days, but usually
it may be from 3 to 7 days only. Those with
acute chikungunya fever may experience it
for a few days to a couple of weeks but the
feeling of fatigue may last for several
 DISEASES
Signs and symptoms of Chikungunya include the
following:
1. nausea 6. rash and fever
2. headache 7. fatigue
(weakness)
3. vomiting 8. myalgia (muscular
pain)
4. swelling of joints 9. debilitating arthralgia
 DISEASES
Prevention of chikungunya includes the
following:
1. Dodge mosquito nibble by wearing pants
ang long – sleeved shirts.
2. Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin.
3. Penetrate gaps in tire swings so water
channels out.
 DISEASES
4. Secure your windows and doors with
screens to keep mosquitoes out.
5. Change the water in pet dishes and
replace the water in bird baths weekly.
6. Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by
emptying standing water from flower pots,
drums, and pails.
 DISEASES
Anyone with chikungunya
fever should limit his/her
exposure to mosquito bites in
order to avoid spreading the
infection further. The individual
ought to remain inside or under
 DISEASES
Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is
transmitted by the bite of an
infected mosquito. Mosquitoes
are infected and serve as
reservoirs once they bolster on
an individual infected with
 DISEASES
Aedes aegypti (the yellow fever
mosquito), a family holder breeder and
daytime biter, is the essential vector of
CHIKV to humans. Aedesalbopictus (the
Asian tiger mosquito) may also play a
part in human transmission. Other wild
animals like monkey may also serve as
reservoirs of the virus.
 DISEASES
7. Avian Influenza – is a type of flu that normally
happens in birds. The pathogen is the A H7N9 virus
which appears to have derived from several avian
influenza viruses common among wild aquatic birds
worldwide and can infect domestic poultry and other
bird and animal species. In rare cases, it has spread
from infected birds to humans. Even though bird flu is
rare in humans when it does happen it is usually
severe. It is transmitted by exposure to infected
poultry. To date, there is no evidence of sustained
 DISEASES
Signs and symptoms of avian influenza include
the following:
1. fever
2. cough
3. difficulty of breathing
4. headache
5. muscular pains or myalgia
6. generalized weakness or malaise
 DISEASES
If untreated it can lead to
complications such as pneumonia, acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and
even multi-organ failure.
During avian flu outbreak, avoid
contact with birds to prevent being
infected. Seek medical consult once with
symptoms.
 DISEASES
8. COVID – 19 - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
is an infectious disease caused by a newly
discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with
the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to
moderate respiratory illness and recover without
requiring special treatment. Older people, and
those with underlying medical problems like
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic
respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to
develop serious illness.
 DISEASES
The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily
through droplets of saliva or discharge from the
nose when an infected person coughs or
sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice
respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing
into a flexed elbow). COVID-19 affects different
people in different ways. Most infected people
will develop mild to moderate illness and
recover without hospitalization.
 DISEASES
Most common symptoms: fever, dry cough,
tiredness.
Less common symptoms: aches and pains,
sore throat, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, headache,
loss of taste or smell, a rash on skin, or
discoloration of fingers or toes.
Serious symptoms: difficulty breathing or
shortness of breath, chest pain or pressure, loss
of speech or movement.
 DISEASES
Seek immediate medical attention if you
have serious symptoms. Always call before
visiting your doctor or health facility. People
with mild symptoms who are otherwise
healthy should manage their symptoms at
home. On average it takes 5–6 days from
when someone is infected with the virus for
symptoms to show, however it can take up to
14 days.
 DISEASES
Prevent infection and to slow transmission of
COVID-19, do the following:
1. Wash your hands regularly with soap and
water, or clean them with alcohol-based hand
rub.
2. Maintain at least 1-meter distance between
you and people coughing or sneezing.
3. Avoid touching your face.
 DISEASES
4. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or
sneezing.
5. Stay home if you feel unwell.
6. Refrain from smoking and other activities that
weaken the lungs.
7. Practice physical distancing by avoiding
unnecessary travel and staying away from large
groups of people.
8. Be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the
 ACTIVITY 2: FILL ME!
Directions: Describe the
symptoms and preventive
measures of the following
diseases. Write your answer
in your activity notebook.
ACTIVITY 2: FILL ME!
 1 ST
PERFORMANCE
Directions: Compose a two-stanza
modified jingle about the emerging and re –
emerging diseases and how to anticipate
and control its spread. Using the tune of the
song “Dance Monkey” by Tones and I, the
jingle must run for a maximum of 2
minutes. You will be evaluated according to
the rubrics below. Write the composition in
your activity notebook.
1 ST
PERFORMANCE
 ASSESSMENT
Direction:
Multiple choice: write
the letter of the best
answer on your
paper/notebook.
 ASSESSMENT
1. Which refers to a rare
infection caused by Neisseria
meningitidis?
A. AH1N1
B. avian influenza
C. meningococcemia
D. SARS
 ASSESSMENT
2. What disease is spread through
close contact with infected
person and droplet secretion?
A. dengue
B. chikungunya
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 ASSESSMENT
3. What do people need to do to prevent
from getting Chikungunya?
A. Use mosquito repellent on exposed
skin.
B. Penetrate gaps in tire swings so water
channels out.
C. Dodge mosquito nibble by wearing
pants ang long – sleeved shirts.
 ASSESSMENT
4. What disease is common
among wild aquatic birds and can
infect domestic poultry?
A. AH1N1
B. avian influenza
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 ASSESSMENT
5. Which of the following is
caused by spirochete bacteria
known as Leptospira Interrogans?
A. AH1N1
B. avian Influenza
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 ASSESSMENT
6. What does DOH stand for?
A. Duties of Health
B. Department of Health
C. Direct Operation on Health
D. Department Operation on
Health
 ASSESSMENT
7. Which of the following is
NOT a symptom of swine flu?
A. coughing
B. fever
C. headache
D. purple rashes
 ASSESSMENT
8. Which of the following
disease is NOT caused by a
virus?
A. AH1N1
B. chikungunya
C. leptospirosis
D. SARS
 ASSESSMENT
9. What is the other name for
Aedes albopictus?
A. Asian tiger mosquito
B. bird flu
C. swine flu
D. yellow fever mosquito
 ASSESSMENT
10. Which of the following is TRUE about
AH1N1?
A. AH1N1 is also called Swine flu
B. AH1N1 is caused by spirochete
bacteria.
C. AH1N1 Influenza is spread by eating
pig and other pig products.
D. AH1N1 Influenza is spread by
mosquitoes.
 ASSESSMENT
11. Which of the following statements is
TRUE?
A. SARS is caused by a virus.
B. Meningococcemia is a contagious
disease.
C. Leptospirosis is caused by spirochete
bacteria.
D. All the above.
 ASSESSMENT
12. Which of the following is NOT
a symptom of Meningococcemia?
A. headache
B. high fever
C. purple rash
D. constipation
 ASSESSMENT
13. Which of the following diseases
is commonly spread by the feces – to
– mouth route and inhalation of
virus?
A. AH1N1
B. chikungunya
C. foot and mouth disease
D. leptospirosis
 ASSESSMENT
14. What is the cause of
Hand, Foot and Mouth
Disease?
A. aedesalbopictus
B. aedes Aegypti
C. bacteria
 ASSESSMENT
15. Which of the following is TRUE regarding
COVID-19?
A. It is spread through air droplets from
human to human, and potentially through
inanimate objects contaminated with the
virus.
B. It is spread through eating infected pigs
and poultry.
C. It is the caused by H1N1 virus.