Application of

Information &
Computing
Technologies
Lecture 3

Rana Taimur Khan

Lecturer GCUF
 During the Last Lecture …
1. We learnt about some of the important
milestones on the journey that started from
the Analytical Engine and so far has taken us
to the portable computer-telephone of today

2. We also saw how computing transitioned

from mechanical to electro-mechanical to
tube to transistor technology and now is
poised to take a breathtaking twist towards
quantum computing
 Today’s Goal is to …
• Become familiar with one of the most popular
activities on computers – the World Wide Web

• Become familiar with the Web’s structure and how

the Web works

• Learn about its genesis, its evolution, and its future

• About its impact on computing, society, commerce

 What is the World Wide Web?
• A huge resource of information

• Logically unified, but physically distributed

• Unified: Anyone from any where can access the

information using a very simple scheme consisting of
hyperlinks & URL’s

• Distributed: The info is stored on Internet-connected

computers that are spread all over the globe
Who is allowed to access the Web?
• Anyone and every one with a computer
and a connection to the Internet

• No nationalistic, ideological, racial, or

religious restrictions

• In Pakistan, Web is accessible from any

city or town that has a phone available
The Web is unlike any previous human invention

Because it is a world-wide resource, important

to all and shared by all of the people in the world

Enough about who can access it. Now let us

focus upon how to access it

As some of you may know, the Web is a

collection of Web pages; accessing the Web
means accessing one of those Web pages
How do I access/visit a Web page?
1. Turn your computer on

2. Connect to the Internet through a modem

or through your computer network

3. Launch the browser

4. Type in the URL of the Web page that you

want to visit
 Browser
• The tool used for accessing the content of the Web

• Browser and the content of the Web have the same relationship as the
TV has with TV programs

• 1993 - The 1st major browser “Mosaic” was developed at the National
Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of
Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

• Initially handled text only, later graphics-viewing capability was added

• Most popular: Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Firefox, Opera,

Google Chrome
 What is a URL?
• Uniform Resource Locator

• The unique address assigned to each

unique page on the Web

• Examples:
• https://gcuf.edu.pk
• https://www.bahria.edu.pk
• https://www.youtube.com
Are there any access charges?
• Most of the info on the Web is available
for free

• There is some for-payment content on

the Web, which is generally paid with
the help of a credit card
 How do I navigate the Web?
• You go from one Web page to another
by clicking on a hyperlink
• For example
https://www.bahria.edu.pk
https://gcuf.edu.pk
https://www.youtube.com
 Hyperlinks
• The underlined pieces of text in blue are called
hyperlinks

• Each hyperlink is a gateway to another Web

page

• All you have to do is click on the hyperlink to go

to the page corresponding to that hyperlink
 How many Web pages are there?
• In 1999 there were 800 million Web pages (15
trillion (1012) text characters)

• In the year 2002, the number is estimated to be

8 billion

• If you spend a minute reviewing each of these

pages, it will take more than 15,000 years to go
through them all
 What is secret behind the
explosive growth of the Web?
• Anarchy – any page is allowed to link to any other

• There are no controls over who puts what on the Web

• Everyone can put whatever they want to put on the

Web – and they do!

• DRAWBACKS:
– Inconsistent quality of pages
– Broken links
 Some of the popular Web sites?
• AOL – Most popular ISP’s Web site

• Microsoft – Most popular software developer’s

Web site

• Yahoo – Most popular multi-service Web site

• Amazon – most popular shop on the Web

• CNN – most popular news Web site

• Google – most useful search engine

 What is a Web site?
• A collection of related documents available on
the Web

• The first portion of the URLs in the Web pages

of a Web site is the same e.g.
– https://www.bahria.edu.pk
– https://www.bahria.edu.pk/buic/
– https://www.bahria.edu.pk/bukc/
– https://www.bahria.edu.pk/bulc/
Are the URLs of four distinct Web pages on a single
Web site
 What is a home page?

• The first, top-most page of a Web site, just

like the cover of a magazine

• GCUF’s home page is at

http://www.gcuf.edu.pk
 What is a Search Engine?
• They continuously scan the Web and compile a list of
all the Web pages & keywords found on those pages

• The search engine with the largest such list (or index)
is Google – with a list of over 2 billion Web pages and
over 330 million images

• We use the search engine by typing a “keyword” or

“query” on its Web page. It looks for those keyword in
its index, and displays a list of Web pages that contain
that keyword
 ?
Internet ---- Web
• The “Internet” and the “Web” are not the same

• In fact, the “Web” is a service that runs over the

“Internet”. In addition to the Web, there are many
other services that run over the Internet

• Internet is like the network of roads in a city,

whereas Web is a service like the Bus Service
that run over those roads. Just like other services
can use the roads (e.g. wagons), so can other
services on the Internet (e.g. ftp). We’ll have
more to say about this later in the course

• However, The following refer to the same thing:

– World Wide Web, Web, WWW
What info is available on the Web?
• Information about almost every thing
known to mankind and then some!

• The info is in the form of:

– Text
– Graphics
– Animation
– Video
– Sound
Impact of the Web on:
»Computing
»Society
»Commerce
Impact of the Web on Computing
(Cost)
• Every one wants to use the Web

• That has spurred the demand for computers

• That, in turn, has reduced the cost of

computers, software, and Internet access
drastically
Impact of the Web on Computing
(Ease of use)
• The computers are becoming easier to
use because the target users are
becoming less and less sophisticated

• In the olden times only techies used

computers; now my 4-year old knows
things about the machine that I never did
and probably, never will
 Impact of the Web on Society
• User-friendly communication has become
much more affordable – the global village is
shrinking

• Business persons can stay in touch with their

businesses even without being there – for
some, that has resulted in the destruction of
their family life
Impact of the Web on Commerce
• Huge impact

• The moment I take my business to the

Web, it becomes possible for my
customers – even those that I do not know
about - to find out about me without me
being physically present in their city

• Suddenly, I’m running a global business

Who invented the Web & Why?
• Tim Berners Lee – British physicist

• 1989 – At the European Center for Nuclear

Energy Research (CERN) in Geneva

• He just wanted a way by which scientists

could easily share documents over
computer networks
 The key weakness of the Web?
• The Web (as it currently exists) was designed
for humans to read, not for computers to
understand and manipulate meaningfully

• Computers face great problems in dealing with

the current text- and graphics-based content of
the Web
 Future of the Web: Semantic Web
What unique feature distinguishes the Web of
today with the Semantic Web of tomorrow?

Whereas, today’s Web’s content is designed for

humans to read; the Semantic Web’s content
will be designed for computers to understand
meaningfully

However, the Semantic Web is not a replacement

but an extension of the present Web, in which
information is given well defined meaning
 The Semantic Web

• Some progress is already being made for

adding “Semantic Content” on to the Web,
but a lot more will happen in the next years
What have we learnt today?
1. What is the World Wide Web?

2. How does it work?

3. About its expected evolution into the

Semantic Web

4. The impact of the Web on computing,

society, and commerce