UNIT-5 ELECTRICAL
MACHINES
By: Dr. Ankit Uniyal
Dept. of EECE, DIT University
DC Machines
• Two types of DC machines we generally study:
• DC MOTORS: Input is Electrical Energy, Output is Mechanical energy
• DC GENERATORS: Input is Mechanical energy, Output is Electrical
Energy.
• Construction: Video
DC Machines
Both DC motor and DC generator has same construction
A typical DC machine consists of the following major parts
• Yoke or Frame
• Armature
• Field System
• Commutator
• Brushes
• Bearings
DC Machines
Both DC motor and DC generator has same
construction
A typical DC machine consists of the following
major parts
• Yoke or Frame
• The yoke is the outer frame of the DC machine. It is made up of
such materials that have high permeability and high mechanical
strength.
• In practice, the yoke of DC machine is made up of cast steel.
• The yoke or frame of the DC machine serves the following main
purposes −
• It protects the internal machine parts like armature, windings,
field poles, etc. against mechanical damages.
• The yoke houses the magnetic field system.
• It provides a low reluctance path to the working magnetic flux.
• It supports the rotor or armature through bearings.
DC Machines
• Armature
• Armature is a system of conductors or coils that can rotate freely on
the supporting bearings. The working torque and EMF are developed
in coils of the armature. The armature consists of two main parts
namely, armature core and armature winding.
• The armature core is a solid cylindrical structure, made up of high
permeability thin silicon steel laminations. On the outer periphery of
the core slots are cut to carry the armature winding.
• The armature winding is made up of copper wires.
DC Machines
• Field System:
• It produces the working magnetic flux in the machine. It is basically a system of
electromagnets which is excited by a DC supply.
• In case of DC machine, the field system is a stationary part of the machine, and
it is bolted to the yoke or frame of the machine. There are three main parts of a
field system in dc machines namely pole core, pole shoes, and field coils.
• The pole core is made up of thin steel laminations. One end of the pole core is
bolted to the frame and other end has pole shoe. The pole core carries the field
winding.
• The pole shoe is a projected part of the pole core and has a large area of cross-
section. Pole shoes help in spreading the magnetic flux uniformly in the air gap,
and offers low reluctance path to the magnetic flux. Also, it supports the field
winding.
• The field coil or winding is made up of copper wire. The field winding is former
wound and inserted around the pole core. When field windings are excited by
DC supply, they become electromagnets and produce magnetic flux in the
machine.
DC Machines
• Commutator
• The commutator is one of the important parts of the DC machine. It is basically
mechanical rectifier. It is a cylindrical shaped device and is made up of copper.
• The outer periphery of the commutator has V-shaped slots to carry commutator segments.
Where, the commutator segments are copper bars inserted in the slots.
• These segments are insulated from each other by mica. The commutator is mounted on
the shaft of the DC machine on one side of the armature.
• The armature conductors are connected to the commutator segments with the help of
copper lugs.
• The commutator performs the following two major functions −
• In a DC generator, it collects the current from the armature conductor. In a DC motor, it
supplies the current to the armature conductors.
• It converts the alternating current of the armature into unidirectional current in the
external circuit with the help of brushes, and vice-versa.
DC Machines
• Brushes
• Brushes are used to make an electrical connection with the rotating commutator.
• These collect (or supply) current from (or to) the moving commutator.
• Brushes are usually made up of carbon.
• They are housed in brush holders and are in contact with the commutator surface with the
help of spring pressure.
• Bearings
• Bearings are used in the DC machine to reduce the frictional losses.
• Thus, the main function of bearings in the DC machine is to support the machine shaft
with minimum friction.
• In DC machines, ball bearings or roller bearings are commonly used.
DC Motor (Working Principle)
• The working principle of a DC motor is based on the law of electromagnetic interaction.
• According to this law, whenever a current carrying conductor or coil is placed in a
magnetic field, the conductor or coil experiences an electromagnetic force.
• The magnitude of this force is given by,
• F = BIL
• B: Magnetic flux density
• I: Current in the conductor or coil
• L: Length of conductor
• The direction of this force can be determined by Fleming’s left-hand rule (FLHR)
DC Motor (circuit diagram)
• Separately excited DC motor
• DC Series motor
DC Motor (circuit diagram)
• DC Shunt motor
• DC Compound motor
DC Motor (Characteristics)
DC-Shunt Motor
(a): Torque and Armature Current Characteristics: Tα Ia
(b): Speed and Armature Current Characteristics: N α Eb
• Eb= V-IaRa
• N α V-IaRa
(c) Speed v/s Torque characteristics
DC Motor (Characteristics)
DC-Series Motor
(a): Torque and Armature Current Characteristics: Tα Ф.Ia
• Upto magnetic saturation: Ф α Ia , thus T α
• After magnetic saturation when flux becomes constant: T α Ia
(b): Speed and Armature Current Characteristics: N α Eb/ Ф
• N α 1/ Ф
(c) Speed v/s Torque characteristics
DC Motor (Characteristics)
DC-Series Motor
(a): Torque and Armature Current Characteristics: Tα Ф.Ia
• Upto magnetic saturation: Ф α Ia , thus T α
• After magnetic saturation when flux becomes constant: T α Ia
(b): Speed and Armature Current Characteristics: N α Eb/ Ф
• N α 1/ Ф
(c) Speed v/s Torque characteristics
DC Generator (Working Principle)
• The working principle of DC generator is based on the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction. According to this law, when the magnetic flux liked to a conductor or coil
changes an EMF is induced in the conductor or coil. The magnitude of this induced EMF is
given by,
• Where, ϕ is the flux linkage of the coil and N is the number of turns in the coil.
• In case of a DC generator, the magnetic flux (ϕ) remains stationary and the coil rotates.
The EMF induced where the coil is rotating and flux is stationary, is known as dynamically
induced EMF. Direction is given by Fleming’s Right Hand Rule.
DC Generator (circuit diagram)
• Separately excited DC generator
• DC Series generator
DC Generator (circuit diagram)
• DC shunt generator
• DC compound generator
DC Generator (Characteristics)
DC-Shunt Generator
(a): Open circuit characteristics
The open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator which is same as that of the series
generator.
(b): Internal characteristics
When the load is connected to the generator, the generated EMF (E) is reduced due the reduced
flux per pole because of the effect of armature reaction. Therefore, the generated EMF under loaded
condition is less than the generated EMF at no-load.
(c) External characteristics
It gives the relation between the terminal voltage (V) and the load current (IL). It is also
known as load characteristics or terminal characteristics.
V = E – IaRa
Therefore, the external characteristics lies below the internal characteristics by an amount equal to
voltage drop due to armature resistance.
DC Generator (Characteristics)
DC-Series Generator
(a): Open circuit characteristics
The open circuit characteristics of a DC shunt generator which is same as that of the series
generator.
(b): Internal characteristics
The internal characteristics of a DC series generator is the graph plotted between generated
EMF (E) on-load and the armature current. Because of the effect of armature reaction, the
magnetic flux on-load will be less than the flux at no-load. Therefore, the generated EMF (E)
under loaded condition will be less than the EMF generated (E0) at no-load.
(c) External characteristics
The external characteristics or load characteristics is the plot between the terminal voltage
(V) and load current (IL}). Since, the terminal voltage is less than the generated voltage due
to armature and series field copper losses, which is given by,
V = E – Ia(Ra+Rse)
Therefore, the external characteristics lies below the internal characteristics by an amount equal to
voltage drop due to armature resistance.
