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Intergration

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41 views16 pages

Intergration

Uploaded by

Lucas Akoko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Integrals

Integral Calculus

 Integral calculus helps in finding the anti-


derivatives of a function. These anti-
derivatives are also called the integrals of the
function. The process of finding the anti-
derivative of a function is called integration.
The inverse process of finding derivatives is
finding the integrals. The integral of a function
represents a family of curves. Finding both
derivatives and integrals form the fundamental
calculus. In this topic, we will cover the basics
of integrals and evaluating integrals.
What is Integral Calculus?
 Integrals are the values of the function found by the process of
integration. The process of getting f(x) from f'(x) is called integration.
Integrals assign numbers to functions in a way that
describe displacement and motion problems, area and volume problems,
and so on that arise by combining all the small data. Given the
derivative f’ of the function f, we can determine the function f. Here, the
function f is called antiderivative or integral of f’.
 Example: Given: f(x) = x2 .
 Derivative of f(x) = f'(x) = 2x = g(x)
 if g(x) = 2x, then anti-derivative of g(x) = ∫ g(x) = x 2
Definition of
Integral
F(x) is called an antiderivative or
Newton-Leibnitz integral or primitive of
a function f(x) on an interval I. F'(x) =
f(x), for every value of x in I.
Integral is the representation of the
area of a region under a curve. We
approximate the actual value of an
integral by drawing rectangles. A
definite integral of a function can be
represented as the area of the region
bounded by its graph of the given
function between two points in the
line. The area of a region is found by
breaking it into thin vertical rectangles
and applying the lower and the upper
limits, the area of the region is
summed up. We specify an integral of
Fundamental Theorems of Integral Calculus
Second Fundamental
Theorem of Integrals Types of Integrals
Integral calculus is used for solving the
problems of the following types.
a) the problem of finding a function if its
derivative is given.
b) the problem of finding the area bounded
by the graph of a function under given
conditions. Thus, the Integral calculus is
divided into two types.
 Definite Integrals (the value of the
integrals are definite)
 Indefinite Integrals (the value of the
integral is indefinite with an arbitrary
constant, C)
Types of Integrals

 Indefinite Integrals
These are the integrals that do not
have a pre-existing value of limits; thus
making the final value of integral
indefinite. ∫g'(x)dx = g(x) + c.
Indefinite integrals belong to the family
of parallel curves.
Definite Integrals
 The definite integrals have a pre-
existing value of limits, thus making
the final value of an integral, definite.
if f(x) is a function of the curve, then
Properties of Integral Calculus
Integrals
Formulas
Methods to Find Integrals
 There are several methods adopted for finding the indefinite integrals. The prominent methods are:
• Finding integrals by integration by substitution method
• Finding integrals by integration by parts
• Finding integrals by integration by partial fractions.
 Finding Integrals by Substitution Method
A few integrals are found by the substitution method. If u is a function of x, then u' = du/dx.
∫ f(u)u' dx = ∫ f(u)du, where u = g(x).
 Finding Integrals by Integration by Parts
If two functions are of the product form, integrals are found by the method of integration by parts.
∫f(x)g(x) dx = f(x)∫ g(x) dx - ∫ (f'(x) ∫g(x) dx) dx.
 Finding Integrals by Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration of rational algebraic functions whose numerator and denominator contain positive integral
powers of x with constant coefficients is done by resolving them into partial fractions.
To find ∫ f(x)/g(x) dx, decompose this improper rational function to a proper rational function and then
integrate.
∫f(x)/g(x) dx = ∫ p(x)/q(x) + ∫ r(x)/s(x), where g(x) = a(x) . s(x)
Applications of Integral
Calculus
 Using integration, we can find the
distance given the velocity.
Definite integrals form the
powerful tool to find the area
under simple curves, the area
bounded by a curve and a line,
the area between two curves, the
volume of the solids. The
displacement and motion
problems also find their
applications of integrals. The area
of the region enclosed between
two curves y = f(x) and y = g(x)
and the lines x =a, x =b is given
by
Important Notes

• The primitive value of the function found by the process


of integration is called an integral.
• An integral is a mathematical object that can be
interpreted as an area or a generalization of area.
• When a polynomial function is integrated the degree of
the integral increases by 1.
Example 1. Find the integral of e3x

Solution:
∫ d/dx(f(x)) = ∫ d/dx( e3x)
We know this is of the form of integral, ∫ d/dx( eax) = 1/a eax + C
∫ d/dx( e3x) = 1/3 e3x + C
Answer: The integral of e3x = 1/3 e3x + C
Example 2. Find the integral of cos 3x.

Solution:
∫ d/dx(f(x)) =∫ cos 3x
Let 3x = t
thus x = t/3
dx = dt/3
The given integral becomes ∫1/3(cos t) dt
= 1/3(sin t) + C
= 1/3 sin (3x) + C
Answer: The integral of cos 3x = 1/3 sin (3x) + C

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