CCIS1102/L

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING 1
WEEK 10 – SELECTION STRUCTURES
CONTROL STRUCTURES
Control Structures can be considered as the building blocks of computer
programs. They are commands that enable a program to “take
decisions”, following one path or another. A program is usually not
limited to a linear sequence of instructions since during its process it
may bifurcate, repeat code or bypass sections. Control Structures are
the blocks that analyze variables and choose directions in which to go
based on given parameters. The three control structures in processing
programs are Sequential, Selection, and Repetition structure.
CONTROL STRUCTURES
• Sequence Structure is defined as the straightforward execution of one
processing step after another
• Selection Structure can be defined as the presentation of a condition,
and the choice between two actions depending on whether the
condition is true or false.
• Repetition Control Structure can be defined as the presentation of a
set of instructions to be performed repeatedly, as long as the condition
is true
SELECTION CONTROL
STRUCTURES
• Selection (conditional) structure in which it is used to
execute one or more statements if a condition is met
• “Conditionals” are at the very core of programming. The
idea behind them is that they allow you to control the flow
of the code that is executed based on different conditions
in the program
• Conditionals Control Structures in C++:
• If statements
• If-Else statements
• If-Else If statements
• Nested If statements
• Switch statements
IF Statements
• IF statement execute one or more statements when a
condition is met. If the testing of that condition is TRUE,
the statement gets executed. But if it’s FALSE (the
condition is not met), then nothing happens.
The syntax of “If statements” is:

if (<boolean expression>)
<statement>
OR
if (<boolean expression>) {
<statement1>
<statement2>
}
IF Statements
IF Statements
• Example: Let’s say you want to verify if the value of a
variable (x) is positive:
int x =10;
if(x >= 0){
cout<< “variable x is a positive number”;
}
Output:
variable x is a positive number
In this example, first we assign the value of 4 to the
variable (x) and use the “If statement” to verify if that
value is equal or greater than 0. If the test results
TRUE (as in this case), the function will print the
sentence: “variable x is a positive number”.
IF Statements
• Example: Suppose that you want to compute the
absolute value of an int value x.
if (x < 0)
x = -x;

• Example: Suppose that you want to swap numbers in

ascending order
if (x > y)
{
int t = x;
x = y;
y = t;
}
IF Statements
IF-ELSE Statements
The syntax of “If-Else statement” is:
• IF-ELSE Statement - This control
Structure allows a program to if (<boolean expression>)
follow alternative paths of <statement>
execution, whether a condition is else
met or not. <statement>
OR
• You can add an ELSE clause to an if (<boolean expression>) {
if statement, to express the <statementT1>
concept of executing either one <statementT2>
statement (or sequence of }
statements) or another, depending else{
on whether the boolean <statementF1>
expression is true or false, as in <statementF2>
the following template: }
IF–ELSE Statements
IF-ELSE Statements
• Example: A statement which assigns the maximum of two int
values to the variable max: if (x > y)
max = x;
else
max = y;
• Example: A statement which display “Good day” if hours is less
than 18 which is equivalent to 6:00 PM otherwise display “Good
evening”.
int time = 20;
if (time < 18) {
cout<<Good day.";
} else {
cout<<"Good evening.";
}
// Outputs "Good evening."
IF-ELSE Statements
• Example: A statement which compute a discount of 20%
for the total amount spent of more than 100, otherwise
10% will only be deducted if is less than 100.
int totalSpent = 150;
float discountedPrice;

if (totalSpent > 100){

discountedPrice=totalSpent*0.8;
cout<<You’ll get a 20% discount";
}
else{
discountedPrice=totalSpent*0.9;
cout<<"You’ll get a 10% discount";
}

cout<<"Your discounted price is " + discountedPrice;

IF-ELSE Statements
IF-ELSE IF Statements
The syntax of “If-else if
• IF-ELSE IF Statement - Here, statement” is:
a user can decide among
multiple options. The C++ if if (<boolean expression>) {
statements are executed from <statement>
the top down. As soon as one }
of the conditions controlling the else if(<boolean expression>){
if is true, the statement <statement>
associated with that if is }
executed, and the rest of the else if (<boolean expression>){
<statement>
C++ else-if ladder is bypassed.
}
If none of the conditions is true,
…
then the final else statement else{
will be executed. <statement>
}
IF–ELSE IF Statements
IF-ELSE IF Statements
Example 1: Example 2:
int x = 30; char grade;
if( x == 10 ) { if (testResult >= 90){
cout<<"Value of X is 10";
grade = 'A’;
}
else if( x == 20 ) {
}
cout<<"Value of X is 20"; else if (testResult >= 80 && testResult < 90){
} grade = 'B';
else if( x == 30 ) { }
cout<<"Value of X is 30"; else if (testResult >= 70 && testResult < 80){
} grade = 'C’;
else { }
cout<<"This is else statement"; else {
}
grade = 'D';
}
IF-ELSE IF Statements
Example 3: A program to determine whether a
character is in lower-case or upper case
Enter an alphabet: $
It is not an alphabet
char ch;
cout<<"Enter an alphabet:";
cin>>ch; Enter an alphabet: x
if( (ch>='A') && (ch<='Z’)) The alphabet is in lower case
cout<<"The alphabet is in upper case";
else if ( (ch>=' a') && (ch<=' z' ) ) Enter an alphabet: D
cout<<"The alphabet is in lower case"; The alphabet is in upper case
else
cout<<"It is not an alphabet";
IF-ELSE IF Statements
IF-ELSE IF Statements
Examples:
Write C++ program to compute
the value of Z according to the
following equations:
IF-ELSE IF Statements
Examples:
Write C++ program that reads a character and evaluates if it is a digit, a
letter or special character.
 NESTED IF Statements
• NESTED IF Statement - A nested if-else statement contains one
or more if-else statements. The if else can be nested in three
different ways, which are discussed here.
Nested within the if part. The syntax is: Nested within the else part. The Nested within both the if and the else
syntax is: parts. The syntax is:
if(<boolean_expression>){
if(<boolean_expression>){ if(condition1) {
if(<boolean_expression>){ statement1;
<statement> <statement> if (condition2)
} } statement2;
else
else{ else{ statement3;
<statement> if(<boolean_expression>){ }
} else {
<statement> statement4;
} } if (condition3)
else{ else{ statement5;
else
<statement> <statement> statement6;
} } }
} statement7;
NESTED IF Statements
NESTED IF Statements
Examples:
int mark = 100;
int age=18;
if(age>14){
if (mark >= 50) {
if(age>=18){
cout<<"Adult";
cout << "You passed." << endl;
} if (mark == 100) {
else{ cout <<"Perfect!" << endl;
cout<<"Teenager"; }
} }
} else {
else{ cout << "You failed." << endl;
if (age > 0){ }
cout<<"Child";
} Output:
else{ You passed.
cout << "Something's Perfect!
wrong";
} Output:
} Adult
NESTED IF Statements
Examples:

Write C++ program to enter a

number represents a
centigrade degree. Find degree
in Fahrenheit that generated
from the first degree according
to the relation:
F= (9/5) * C +32.
Then display the below
phrases according to their
equivalent Fahrenheit degree:
1. “Cold” when F ≤ 41.
2. “Nice” when 41< F ≤ 77.
3. “Hot” when F >77.
NESTED IF Statements
/*
This will convert length (cm to inches, inches to cm) and mass (pounds to Kg, Kg to pounds)
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; else if(option1=='B'|| option1=='b'){
int main() cout<<"[1] Pounds to Kilogram"<<endl;
{ cout<<"[2] Kilogram to Pounds"<<endl;
char option1; cout<<"Select your choice: ";
int option2; cin>>option2;
float length, weight, cm, inch, kg, pound; if(option2==1){
cout<<"Conversion"<<endl;
cout<<"Enter weight(in pounds): ";
cout<<"[A] Length"<<endl;
cout<<"[B] Mass"<<endl;
cin>>weight;
cout<<"Select your choice: "; kg = weight/2.20462262185 ;
cin>>option1; cout<<weight<<" pounds is equivalent to "<<kg
if(option1=='A' || option1=='a'){ <<" kilogram"<<endl;
cout<<"[1] Centimeter to Inches"<<endl; }else if(option2==2){
cout<<"[2] Inches to Centimeter"<<endl; cout<<"Enter weight(in kilogram): ";
cout<<"Select your choice: "; cin>>weight;
cin>>option2; pound = weight*2.20462262185;
if(option2==1){
cout<<"Enter length(in Centimeter): ";
cout<<weight<<" kilogram is equivalent to “
cin>>length; <<pound<<" pounds"<<endl;
inch = length/2.54 ; }
cout<<length<<" centimeter is equivalent to "<<inch<<" inches"<<endl; else{
}else if(option2==2){ cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
cout<<"Enter length(in Inches): "; }
cin>>length; }
cm = length*2.54; else{
cout<<length<<" inches is equivalent to "<<cm<<" centimeter"<<endl;
}
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
else{ }
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl; return 0;
} }
}
NESTED IF Statements
/*
This will convert length (cm to inches, inches to cm) and mass (pounds to Kg, Kg to pounds)
*/
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char option1;
int option2;
float length, weight, cm, inch, kg, pound;
cout<<"Conversion"<<endl;
cout<<"[A] Length"<<endl;
cout<<"[B] Mass"<<endl;
cout<<"Select your choice: ";
cin>>option1;
if(option1=='A' || option1=='a'){
cout<<"[1] Centimeter to Inches"<<endl;
cout<<"[2] Inches to Centimeter"<<endl;
cout<<"Select your choice: ";
cin>>option2;
if(option2==1){
cout<<"Enter length(in Centimeter): ";
cin>>length;
inch = length/2.54 ;
cout<<length<<" centimeter is equivalent to "<<inch<<" inches"<<endl;
}else if(option2==2){
cout<<"Enter length(in Inches): ";
cin>>length;
cm = length*2.54;
cout<<length<<" inches is equivalent to "<<cm<<" centimeter"<<endl;
}
else{
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
}
}
NESTED IF Statements
Examples:
else if(option1=='B'|| option1=='b'){
cout<<"[1] Pounds to Kilogram"<<endl;
cout<<"[2] Kilogram to Pounds"<<endl;
cout<<"Select your choice: ";
cin>>option2;
if(option2==1){
cout<<"Enter weight(in pounds): ";
cin>>weight;
kg = weight/2.20462262185 ;
cout<<weight<<" pounds is equivalent to "<<kg<<" kilogram"<<endl;
}else if(option2==2){
cout<<"Enter weight(in kilogram): ";
cin>>weight;
pound = weight*2.20462262185;
cout<<weight<<" kilogram is equivalent to "<<pound<<" pounds"<<endl;
}
else{
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
}
}
else{
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
SWITCH Statements
C++ provides a multiple-
branch selection statement
known as switch. This
selection statement
successively tests the value of
an expression against a list of
integer or character
constants. When a match is
found, the statements
associated with that constant
are executed.
SWITCH Statements
The following rules apply to a switch The syntax of switch statement is as follows:
statement −
switch(expression)
• The expression used in a switch statement {
must have an integral or enumerated type case constant1 : statement sequence 1;
or be of a class type in which the class has break;
a single conversion function to an integral case constant2 : statement sequence 2;
or enumerated type. break;
• You can have any number of case case constant3 : statement sequence 3;
statements within a switch. Each case is break;
followed by the value to be compared to .
and a colon. .
• The constant-expression for a case must .
be the same data type as the variable in case constant n-1 : statement sequence n-1;
the switch, and it must be a constant or a break;
literal. default : statement sequence n;
• When the variable being switched on is }
equal to a case, the statements following
that case will execute until a break
statement is reached.
SWITCH Statements
The syntax of switch statement is as follows:
• When a break statement is
reached, the switch terminates, and switch(expression)
the flow of control jumps to the {
next line following the switch case constant1 : statement sequence 1;
break;
statement.
case constant2 : statement sequence 2;
• Not every case needs to contain a break;
break. If no break appears, the flow case constant3 : statement sequence 3;
of control will fall through to break;
subsequent cases until a break is .
reached. .
• A switch statement can have an .
optional default case, which must case constant n-1 : statement sequence n-1;
appear at the end of the switch. break;
default : statement sequence n;
The default case can be used for
}
performing a task when none of the
cases is true. No break is needed in
the default case.
SWITCH Statements
Example 2:
Examples:
char grade = 'D';
Example 1: switch(grade) {
case 'A' :
switch (suitAsChar) { cout << "Excellent!" << endl;
break;
case ‘C’: suitAsName = “Clubs”; break; case 'B' :
case ‘D’: suitAsName = “Diamonds”; break; case 'C' :
case ‘H’: suitAsName = “Hearts”; break; cout << "Well done" << endl;
case ‘S’: suitAsName = “Spades”; break; break;
case 'D' :
default: suitAsName = “Unknown”; cout << "You passed" << endl;
} break;
case 'F' :
cout << "Better try again" << endl;
break;
default :
cout << "Invalid grade" << endl;
}
cout << "Your grade is " << grade << endl;
SWITCH Statements
Example 4:
Examples:
cout<<"Enter number of week's day (1-7): ";
Example 3: cin>>dow;
switch(dow)
int a = 100; {
case 1 : cout<<"\nSunday";
int b = 200;
break;
case 2 : cout<<"\nMonday";
switch(a) { break;
case 100: case 3 : cout<<"\nTuesday";
cout << "This is part of outer switch" << endl; break;
switch(b) { case 4 : cout<<"\nWednesday";
case 200: break;
cout << "This is part of inner switch" << endl; case 5 : cout<<"\nThursday";
break;
}
case 6 : cout<<"\nFriday";
} break;
cout << "Exact value of a is : " << a << endl; case 7 : cout<<"\nSaturday";
cout << "Exact value of b is : " << b << endl; break;
default : cout<<"\nWrong number of day";
break;
}
SWITCH Statements
Examples: #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Write a C++ program int main ()
to choose a country. {
The program contains int n;
cout<<“Select a country 0-Iraq, 1-Germany, 2-Lebanon, 3-Egypt, 4-France : “;
a list of countries
cin >> n;
(Iraq, Germany, switch (n){
Lebanon, Egypt, and case 0:
France). When we cout<< "Baghdad"; break;
choose any of these case 1:
countries, the city cout<< "Berlin"; break;
center of these case 2:
countries is cout<< "Beirut"; break;
case 3:
displayed. The cout<< "Cairo"; break;
countries will be default:
represented from (0) cout<< "Paris"; break;
to (3) and fourth }
country will be any return 0;
number except these }
three numbers.
SWITCH Statements
Example:
// Program to build a simple calculator using switch Statement break;
#include <iostream> default:
using namespace std; // operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)
cout << "Error! The operator is not correct";
int main() { break;
char oper; }
float num1, num2;
cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): "; return 0;
cin >> oper; }
cout << "Enter two numbers: " << endl;
cin >> num1 >> num2;

switch (oper) {
case '+':
cout << num1 << " + " << num2 << " = " << num1 + num2;
break;
case '-':
cout << num1 << " - " << num2 << " = " << num1 - num2;
break;
case '*':
cout << num1 << " * " << num2 << " = " << num1 * num2;
break;
case '/':
cout << num1 << " / " << num2 << " = " << num1 / num2;
SWITCH Statements else{
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
/* }
This will convert length (cm to inches, inches to cm) and mass
break;
(pounds to Kg, Kg to pounds)
*/ case 'B':
#include<iostream> case 'b':
using namespace std; cout<<"[1] Pounds to Kilogram"<<endl;
int main() cout<<"[2] Kilogram to Pounds"<<endl;
{ cout<<"Select your choice: ";
char option1; cin>>option2;
int option2; if(option2==1){
float length,weight, cm, inch, kg, pound;
cout<<"Enter weight(in pounds): ";
cout<<"Conversion"<<endl;
cout<<"[A] Length"<<endl; cin>>weight;
cout<<"[B] Mass"<<endl; kg = weight/2.20462262185 ;
cout<<"Select your choice: "; cout<<weight<<" pounds is equivalent to "<<kg<<"
cin>>option1; kilogram"<<endl;
switch(option1){ }else if(option2==2){
case 'A': cout<<"Enter weight(in kilogram): ";
case 'a': cin>>weight;
cout<<"[1] Centimeter to Inches"<<endl;
pound = weight*2.20462262185;
cout<<"[2] Inches to Centimeter"<<endl;
cout<<"Select your choice: ";
cout<<weight<<" kilogram is equivalent to "<<pound<<"
cin>>option2; pounds"<<endl;
if(option2==1){ }
cout<<"Enter length(in Centimeter): "; else{
cin>>length; cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
inch = length/2.54 ; }
cout<<length<<" centimeter is equivalent to "<<inch<<" inches"<<endl; break;
}else if(option2==2){
default:
cout<<"Enter length(in Inches): ";
cin>>length;
cout<<"Invalid Input. Please try again."<<endl;
cm = length*2.54; }
cout<<length<<" inches is equivalent to "<<cm<<" centimeter"<<endl; return 0;
} }
SWITCH VS IF-ELSE
The switch and if-else both are selection statements and they both let you select an
alternative out of given many alternatives by testing an expression. However, there are
some differences in their operations. These are given below:

• The switch statement differs from the if statement in that switch can only test for
equality whereas if can evaluate a relational or logical expression i.e., multiple
conditions.
• The switch statement selects its branches by testing the value of same variable
(against a set of constants) whereas the if-else construction lets you use a series of
expressions that may involve unrelated variables and complex expressions.
• The if-else is more versatile of the two statements. For example, if-else can handle
ranges whereas switch cannot. Each switch case label must be a single value.
• The if-else statement can handle floating-point tests also apart from handling integer
and character tests whereas a switch cannot handle floating-point tests. The case
labels of switch must be an integer (which includes char also).
• The switch case label value must be a constant. So, if two or more variables are to be
compared, use if-else.
• The switch statement is more efficient choice in terms of code used in a situation that
supports the nature of switch operation (testing a value against a set of constants).
SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES
1. Write a C++ program to enter a number then display the message "Even
Number" if the entered number is even and the message "ODD Number" if it is
odd2.
2. Write a C++ program to enter a string then display the message boxes "Greater
than 6 characters", "Less than 6 characters", and "Equal to 6 characters" if this
number was greater, less, and equal to six characters respectively
3. Write a C++ program to find W from the equations:

4. Suppose the random bank offers 9% interest on balances of less than $5000,
12% for balances of $5000 or more but less than $10000, and 15% for balances
of $10000 or more. Write a C++ program to enter a person balance then
calculates a customer’s new balance after one year.
THANK YOU!