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    413496157-Aircraft-Design

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    Alina Tariq
    This document is good for aviation students

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    413496157-Aircraft-Design

    Uploaded by

    Alina Tariq
    5 views45 pages
    This document is good for aviation students

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    This document is good for aviation students

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    5 views45 pages

    413496157-Aircraft-Design

    Uploaded by

    Alina Tariq
    This document is good for aviation students

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    Aircraft systems and

    operations

    Aircraft Design and Construction


    Main Teaching Points

    • Parts of an Airplane
    • Aircraft Construction
    • Landing Gear
    • Standard Terminology
    Definition

    The airplane is defined as:


    • A power-driven…
    • Heavier-than air aircraft…
    • Deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic
    reactions…
    • On surfaces that remain fixed under given
    conditions of flight.
    Parts of an Airplane
    Parts of an Airplane
    Parts of an Airplane
    Parts of an Airplane
    Fuselage
    The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the
    passengers, cargo and crew go.
    Fuselage
    • The fuselage is normally classified according to the type
    of construction:

    • -Truss Type
    • -Monocoque
    • -Semi-monocoque
    Fuselage – Truss Type
    Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque
    Empennage
    • The empennage is the rear portion of the airplane
    • It is integral to control and stability during flight
    Wing Construction
    • Spars
     spanwise members
     wood or metal
     carry bending loads

    • Ribs
     web or truss
     give wing its
    cambered shape
    Wing Construction
     Edges
     Leading Edge
     Trailing Edge
     Strength & Shape

     Wires
     Internal / External
     Bracing for strength

     Covering
     Metal or Fabric
     Metal  strength
    Wing Layouts

    • High Wing

    • Mid Wing

    • Low Wing

    • Bi-Plane
    Wing Layouts

    • High Wing

    • Mid Wing

    • Low Wing

    • Bi-Plane
    Wing Layouts

    • High Wing

    • Mid Wing

    • Low Wing

    • Bi-Plane
    Wing Layouts

    • High Wing

    • Mid Wing

    • Low Wing

    • Bi-Plane
    Confirmation
    Landing Gear
    • Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels
    and a tail wheel

    • Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel

    • Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they


    are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing
    drag)

    • Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract


    Landing Gear
    Landing Gear
    Landing Gear
    Landing Gear
    Landing Gear
    Retractable Landing Gear

    • PROS
    • Reduced drag at cruise
    • Higher cruising speed

    • CONS
    • Added weight
    • Added mechanical complexity
    • Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based)
    • Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)
    Landing Gear

    Shock Absorption

    • Absorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway.

    • Spring steel Landing Gear

    • Air/Oil oleos

    • Rubber cords (bungee) or discs

    • Low pressure tires


    Landing Gear

    Main Landing Gear


    - Spring Steel Cantilever -
    Landing Gear

    Nose Landing Gear


    - Air / Oil Oleo -
    Landing Gear - Brakes
    Brakes

    • Provide a means of stopping the aircraft


    • Assist with steering on the ground
    Confirmation
    • How would you
    describe the aircraft to
    the left?

    • -tail dragger?
    • -tricycle gear?
    • -retractable gear?
    • -float plane?
    • -high wing?
    • -low wing?
    • -mid wing?
    • -biplane?

    • Request the use of the


    tools to label the
    aircraft.
    Wing Span
    • Wingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip
    Chord
    Chord is the imaginary line
    between the leading edge and
    the trailing edge of the wing

    • A measure of the width of a wing


    Wing Area
    Wing Area

    • Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing


    Planform

    Planform

    • Shape of the wing as


    seen from above
    Aspect Ratio
    Aspect Ratio

    • Ratio of the span to chord of the wing


    • A measure of how SLENDER the wing is
    Airfoil
    • A structure curved to produce lift
    Camber
    Camber

    • A measure of the curvature


    of an airfoil
    • Mean Camber is the line
    equidistant between the
    upper & lower surfaces
    Angle of Incidence

    Angle of Incidence

    • Angle between chord line and the longitudinal axis


    Relative Airflow
    Relative Airflow

    • Airflow over the wing


    • Related to the forward motion of the aircraft through the
    air
    Angle of Attack
    Angle of Attack

    • The angle between the chord line and the relative airflow
    • It is a measure of how much the wing ‘bites’ into the air
    Confirmation
    Confirmation Check
    Confirmation

    What kind of landing gear is this?


    Confirmation

    What is the angle of attack?


    Confirmation

    What are some of the differences between


    powered aircraft and gliders?
    Confirmation

    • Reading: From the Ground Up, pages 9-


    14

    • The next Theory of Flight Class covers the


    basic flight controls (6.02)

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